WAEC SSCE - Literature In English - 2009

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A poem consisting of fourteen lines is a sonnet. A sonnet is a type of poem that originated in Italy and is characterized by its fourteen-line structure. It typically follows a specific rhyme scheme and often explores themes of love, beauty, and nature.

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An epic is a long narrative poem that tells the story of heroic deeds or events significant to a culture or nation. It usually includes a hero, a series of challenges or obstacles, and a resolution. The hero in an epic is often larger-than-life and embodies the values and ideals of the society that produced the work. Epics can be found in many cultures and are often used to express and reinforce cultural identity and values. Examples of famous epics include Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and Beowulf.

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A short poem lamenting the death of someone is a threnody. Threnody is a type of poem that is composed as an expression of grief or mourning for someone who has died. It typically has a melancholic tone and is meant to convey a sense of sorrow and loss. Threnodies can be written in various forms and structures, but they usually share a common theme of lamentation and mourning.

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The most exciting and tense part of a story is the climax. The climax is the point of maximum tension or conflict in a story, where the main character(s) face their greatest challenge or conflict, and the outcome is uncertain. It is usually the turning point in the story, and the moment of highest emotion or excitement for the reader. After the climax, the story begins to wind down towards its resolution, or denouement.

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The setting is a platform in front of the castle. This is indicated by the stage direction at the beginning of the scene: "Enter Barnardo and Francisco, two sentinels, and Horatio" (Act One, Scene I, line 1), and the conversation between Barnardo and Francisco about their watch duties on the platform in front of the castle.

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The poem is written in free verse. Free verse is a type of poetry that does not follow a specific rhyme scheme, meter, or structure. It allows the poet to use irregular line lengths and various poetic devices to convey their message. In this poem, there is no consistent rhyme scheme or meter, and the lines vary in length, indicating that it is a free verse.

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''...a thousand miles'' is an example of hyperbole. Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or figure of speech not meant to be taken literally, but used for emphasis or effect. In this case, the phrase "a thousand miles" is an exaggeration to emphasize the strong desire of the speaker to be in their native land.

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The poem is about prison life. The poet describes the scene outside his cell, with the guard standing with a rifle, and the bedbugs and mosquitoes swarming around. He expresses his longing for his native land, and the sadness that interweaves with his dreams. The last two lines reveal that he has spent a year in prison and has been using his tears to write poetry.

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A literary piece used to mock or ridicule a society or practice is called a satire. Satires are often humorous and use exaggeration or irony to criticize societal issues or individuals. They can be found in various forms of literature, including poetry, plays, and novels. Satires are meant to draw attention to the flaws of a society or individual in a way that encourages reflection and improvement.

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The phrase "Tis gone and will not answer" refers to the ghost. In the context of the passage, X is referring to the appearance of the ghost, which has now disappeared and is not responding. Y then questions whether the appearance is something more than fantasy, to which Z responds that he cannot deny what he has seen with his own eyes.

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A poem of four lines is called a quatrain. "Qua" means four in Latin and "-train" comes from the French word "train" meaning a sequence or stanza. A quatrain can have various rhyme schemes and meter, but it always has four lines.

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A dramatic performance that conveys a story or message through bodily movements, facial expressions, and gestures, without the use of words, is called a mime. The performer communicates through movements, creating a visual narrative or illusion that can be humorous, dramatic, or emotional. The audience must interpret the performance through visual cues rather than dialogue, making it a form of non-verbal communication. Miming is often used in comedy or in street performances, and requires precise movements and body control.

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Speaker X is Marcellus. In the extract, Y is addressing X, who seems to be shaken and afraid, suggesting that he has just witnessed something out of the ordinary. Z then responds by saying that he would not have believed it if he had not seen it with his own eyes. This dialogue takes place in Act One, Scene I of William Shakespeare's play, "Hamlet."

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The tone of the poem is sarcasm. The speaker is thanking God for making her a woman, but it is clear from the context that she is being ironic. The lines "For in these ordered days a woman only/Is free to be very hungry, very lonely" suggest that being a woman is not really something to be grateful for, as women are limited in their choices and opportunities. The use of sarcasm is a way of criticizing the society that places these restrictions on women.

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The attitude of a writer towards the subject matter is the tone. Tone refers to the author's attitude towards the writing, the characters, the audience, or the subject matter. It can be serious, humorous, sarcastic, formal, informal, or any other combination of emotions that can be expressed through language. Tone is important because it affects the reader's emotional response to the text and can shape the overall interpretation of the work.

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The phrase "The little vehicle laps up the distance" conveys the impression of speed. The phrase suggests that the jeep is covering the distance quickly and easily, as if it is devouring the road with ease. This implies that the jeep is moving at a fast pace, which is reinforced by the earlier description of the driver negotiating a hairpin bend at breakneck speed.

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The narrative technique used in the passage is third person. This is because the narrator is not a character in the story and refers to the characters as "they" and "Kwyeiwa" instead of using "I" or "we". The narrator is an outside observer who is describing the events of the story from a distance.

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The atmosphere in the given extract is frightening. This can be inferred from the reactions and dialogues of the characters X, Y, and Z. X's statement "Tis gone will not answer" suggests that something strange and unexplainable has happened, which has left him unnerved. Y's comment "Is not this something more than fantasy?" further adds to the feeling of unease and tension. Finally, Z's response "Before my God. I might not this believe Without the sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes" emphasizes the magnitude of the event and the sense of fear it has induced.

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The dominant device in the above lines is irony. Irony is a literary device that involves the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of their literal meaning or expectations. In the lines above, the speaker is thanking God for being a woman, but the reasons given - being very hungry and very lonely - are not usually considered positive attributes. This creates a sense of irony as the speaker seems to be expressing gratitude for something that is not conventionally desirable.

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In a story, the adversary of the protagonist is the antagonist. The protagonist is the main character who drives the story forward, and the antagonist is the character who opposes the protagonist and creates conflict in the story. The antagonist can be a person, an animal, a force of nature, or even an idea. Their purpose is to challenge the protagonist and prevent them from achieving their goals. The antagonist is an essential element in a story as they create tension, drama, and suspense.

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The passage is narrative. It tells a story about a journey on a diverted road, with details about the surroundings, the journey, and the characters involved. There is no argument being presented or analyzed, and the passage is not expository, as it is not providing information or explaining a topic.

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Personification is the art of giving human attributes to non-human objects. It is a figure of speech that is commonly used in literature and poetry to make the objects more relatable or to create a specific mood or tone. For example, saying "the wind howled" gives the wind a human quality of making a loud, mournful sound, which helps the reader to visualize and connect with the description.

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A story of a person's life written by another person is called a biography. It is a narrative of a person's life that is written by someone else who has researched and compiled information from various sources, including interviews with the subject or their acquaintances, historical records, and other relevant materials. Biographies can provide insight into the life, personality, achievements, and challenges faced by the person they are written about.

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The character being addressed is Ophelia. The speaker is advising Ophelia to stop thinking about Hamlet because as people grow physically, their mental and emotional capabilities also increase. The speaker suggests that Hamlet may love her at present and his intentions are pure.

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The pattern of end rhymes in a poem is called "rhyme scheme". It refers to the way in which the end sounds of lines of a poem are organized or repeated. Rhyme scheme is often denoted by assigning a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme, with matching sounds given the same letter. For example, a poem with the rhyme scheme ABAB has the first and third lines ending in words that rhyme with each other, and the second and fourth lines ending in words that rhyme with each other, creating a pattern. The rhyme scheme of a poem can help to create a sense of unity and structure, and it can also help to create a particular mood or tone.

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The character being addressed in the given extract is Ophelia. This speech is spoken by Laertes, the brother of Ophelia, to her while giving her advice before he leaves for France. Laertes tells Ophelia that he hopes her beauty and virtues will be the reason behind Hamlet's madness and that her good qualities will bring Hamlet back to his normal behavior. Therefore, the answer is option D, Ophelia.

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An ode is a poem written in an elaborate style to address or celebrate an object or event. It is usually characterized by a serious and formal tone, and often includes complex metaphors and extended similes. Odes are typically written to praise or honor a particular subject, such as a person, place, or thing, and are often used in ceremonies or other formal occasions.

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The given extract is spoken by Queen Gertrude in Act Three, Scene I of Shakespeare's play Hamlet. In this scene, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are also present, but they are not mentioned in this particular extract. The only other character present in this scene who is mentioned in the given extract is Polonius. Therefore, Polonius is the answer to the question.

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Joe de Graft's Sons and Daughters does contain a clear story of friendship betrayed, but that betrayal is only one strand of a play whose main concern is the conflict between parents and children over careers. The question is best answered by weighing both sides.

The play is about friendship betrayed, to a real extent

• James Ofosu places deep trust in his friend, the lawyer Bonu, treating him as a confidant and relying on him to advise and watch over his household and affairs.
• Bonu repays this trust with treachery. He is greedy and self-serving, more interested in his own advantage than in Ofosu's welfare.
• His most shameful betrayal is his lust for Ofosu's daughter Maanan, whom he tries to take advantage of, abusing the very confidence her father has reposed in him.
• Bonu's hypocrisy and disloyalty show how a trusted friend can become a serpent within the home, and his exposure is one of the play's key turning points.

But the play is chiefly about something larger

• The central conflict is the generational struggle between Ofosu and his children over their futures. He wants them to become lawyers and doctors, while George longs to be a painter and Maanan to dance.
• The title itself, Sons and Daughters, points to this theme of parental control versus the young people's right to follow their own talents.
• The play also explores education, ambition, and the freedom of the younger generation to choose their own path, themes wider than the single betrayal by Bonu.

How the two connect

• Bonu's betrayal serves the larger theme: his falseness opens Ofosu's eyes, helping the father to see his children's sincerity and to relent about their careers.
• Thus the betrayed friendship is a means to the play's resolution rather than its whole subject.

Conclusion

The play is about friendship betrayed only to a limited extent. Bonu's treachery against Ofosu is important and dramatically effective, but it is subordinate to the main theme of the clash between parents and children over the freedom to pursue one's own dreams. The betrayal deepens and helps resolve that larger conflict rather than standing as the play's central concern.

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Obi Umunna, Ona's father, never dominates the action of Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood, yet his influence on his daughter is decisive. Through the claim he lays upon her, he shapes Ona's whole way of living and, indirectly, the destiny of her daughter Nnu Ego.

He binds her with the duty of an heir. Obi Umunna is a proud man of Umunna who has no son to continue his line. He therefore makes Ona, his only and much-loved child, promise that she will not belong wholly to any husband, but will bear a son to be named after him and to inherit his lineage. This vow is the single most powerful force in Ona's life.

He is the cause of her refusal to marry Agbadi. Because of her father's claim, Ona will not consent to become Nwokocha Agbadi's wife, even though she loves him and lives as his mistress. Her repeated refusals, which so wound Agbadi's pride, spring directly from her loyalty to Obi Umunna. Her father's wish thus governs the most important relationship of her life.

He shapes her proud independence. Obi Umunna has raised Ona to be spirited and self-respecting, more like a treasured companion than a submissive daughter. This upbringing helps make her the strong, wilful woman who insists on keeping her own will in a society that expects women to yield. Her celebrated independence is in part his making.

His influence reaches beyond his death. Even as Ona lies dying after childbirth, the tension between her father's claim and her love for Agbadi persists, and it is resolved only when she frees her daughter to belong to Agbadi's house. The struggle over lineage and belonging that Obi Umunna set going passes, like an inheritance, into the next generation, colouring Nnu Ego's own anxieties about children and continuity.

Conclusion. Obi Umunna influences Ona chiefly through the promise of an heir that he exacts from her. That promise dictates her refusal to marry Agbadi, reinforces her proud independence, and sets up the conflict over lineage that echoes into Nnu Ego's story. His quiet claim proves one of the shaping forces of the novel's opening.

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Ella, Richard's mother, is one of the most important influences in Richard Wright's autobiography Black Boy. Though poverty and illness reduce her to a shadow of her former self, she shapes Richard's mind and character and comes to symbolise, for him, the whole suffering of black life in the American South.

She is the parent who remains. After Richard's father abandons the family for another woman, Ella is left to raise Richard and his brother alone. She becomes the single fixed point in a childhood of constant upheaval, moving from Natchez to Memphis to Arkansas in search of survival.

She awakens his imagination. It is Ella who first opens the world of words to Richard. As a young schoolteacher she reads him the tale of Bluebeard, and the story fires his imagination and gives him his first hunger for literature. This early exposure plants the love of reading and storytelling that will later become his means of escape and self-expression.

She struggles heroically against poverty. Ella works as a cook and takes any labour she can find to keep her children fed, often going hungry herself. Her endless struggle teaches Richard the harsh reality of want; the gnawing hunger that haunts the book is bound up with his memory of his mother's inability, through no fault of her own, to provide.

She disciplines and toughens him. Ella is a strict mother who beats Richard severely when he sets fire to the house and forces him to confront the dangers of the streets, once sending him out to fight so that he will not be bullied. Her harsh lessons, born of love and fear, help forge his resilience and self-reliance.

Her illness becomes a symbol. Ella's health collapses; she suffers a stroke and long paralysis, becoming an invalid dependent on relatives. Her prolonged, undeserved suffering fills Richard with a lasting sense of the injustice of life. He writes that her suffering became for him a symbol of the meaningless pain endured by the poor and the black, and it deepens his rebellious, questioning spirit.

Conclusion. Richard's mother nurtures his imagination, embodies the family's grinding poverty, toughens him through hardship, and, in her broken health, comes to represent the wider suffering that shapes his outlook. She is central both to Richard's personal growth and to the book's vision of black endurance under oppression.

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Mr James Ofosu is the father at the centre of Joe de Graft's Sons and Daughters. He is a hard-working, well-to-do businessman whose attitude to his children's future drives the main conflict of the play, the clash between parental ambition and the young people's own artistic dreams.

His character

• A loving but controlling father. Ofosu genuinely cares for his children and wants the best for them, but he insists on choosing their careers, believing he knows what is respectable and secure.
• A believer in conventional professions. He wants his son George to become a lawyer and his other children to enter established, money-making professions such as law and medicine. He looks down on art, painting and dancing as unserious and unprofitable.
• Hard-working and self-made. Having toiled to build his wealth, he expects his children to value education and to pursue solid careers rather than risky artistic ones.
• Capable of change. Though stubborn at first, Ofosu is not a tyrant. By the end he softens and comes to accept his children's true talents.

His role in the play

• Source of the central conflict. His opposition to George's wish to be a painter and Maanan's love of dancing sets up the generational struggle the title announces.
• Victim of a false friend. Ofosu trusts the lawyer Bonu to look after his affairs and his children while he is away, but Bonu proves treacherous and self-serving. This exposes Ofosu's misplaced faith and advances the plot.
• Agent of resolution. When Ofosu at last recognises Bonu's wickedness and the sincerity of his children's callings, he relents and allows them to follow their artistic gifts, bringing the play to a hopeful close.

Significance

• Through Ofosu, de Graft dramatises the theme of parents imposing careers on children versus letting them pursue their natural talents.
• His final change of heart delivers the play's message: that children should be free to develop their own gifts.

Conclusion

Mr James Ofosu is a loving yet overbearing father whose insistence on conventional careers creates the play's conflict. His misplaced trust in Bonu and his eventual acceptance of his children's artistic dreams make him the pivotal figure through whom de Graft explores the tension between parental control and youthful self-fulfilment.

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The "death" of Sizwe Bansi in Athol Fugard's Sizwe Bansi is Dead is not a physical death but the giving up of his name and identity so that he may survive under apartheid. This symbolic death is the central event of the play and carries its whole meaning.

What happens

• Sizwe Bansi has come to Port Elizabeth to look for work, but his passbook is not in order and he is ordered to return to King William's Town, where there is no work.
• Out with Buntu one night, they find the corpse of a man, Robert Zwelinzima, in a back alley. His passbook carries a valid work-seeker's permit for the city.
• Buntu persuades Sizwe to switch the photographs and take over the dead man's identity. From then on Sizwe Bansi is "dead", and he must live as Robert Zwelinzima.

Significance of the death

• Survival under an inhuman system. Sizwe can only stay and work in the city by killing off his real self. Apartheid forces a man to choose between his name and his livelihood.
• Loss of identity and dignity. The passbook, not the person, decides whether a black man may live and work. A human being is reduced to a number and a stamp; individual identity is worthless without the right papers.
• Protest against the pass laws. The episode is a bitter indictment of a regime that makes a man's own name a death sentence and forces him to become someone else to eat.
• Symbol of the black condition. Sizwe's dilemma stands for the plight of all black South Africans, robbed of self and freedom by unjust laws.

The moral question

• Sizwe at first resists, clinging to the pride of his own name and manhood: "How do I live as a ghost?"
• Buntu's harsh logic, that a name is worth nothing if it cannot buy bread for one's family, finally persuades him. Survival demands the sacrifice of self.

Conclusion

The significance of Sizwe's "death" lies in its exposure of apartheid's cruelty. To live, a black man must die to his own identity and wear the papers of a dead stranger. The symbolic death dramatises the system's denial of human dignity and gives the play its powerful protest.

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Hlestakov and the Mayor, Anton Antonovich, are the two poles around which Gogol's comedy turns. They are opposites in station and temperament, yet they mirror each other in vanity and dishonesty, and it is the meeting of these two frauds that produces the play's satire.

Points of contrast.

• Rank and experience. The Mayor is a seasoned, middle-aged provincial official who has governed the town for years and boasts of outwitting three previous governors. Hlestakov is a young, low-ranking clerk from St. Petersburg, inexperienced and irresponsible.
• Cunning versus foolishness. The Mayor is genuinely shrewd; he calculates, manages bribes and stage-manages the town for inspection. Hlestakov is a scatter-brained wastrel who lies from empty vanity rather than design and hardly understands his own good fortune.
• Motive. The Mayor's dishonesty is deliberate and self-serving, aimed at protecting his position and enriching himself. Hlestakov's dishonesty is impulsive and childish, driven by hunger, gambling debts and a hollow craving to appear grand.
• The reversal. The Mayor, for all his cunning, is finally the greater fool, undone by the empty-headed clerk he tried to bribe and flatter. The clever man is duped by the fool.

Points of comparison.

• Vanity. Both are ruled by pride. The Mayor dreams of a general's sash and a mansion in the capital; Hlestakov boasts of Parisian soup, famous friends and running whole ministries. Each is intoxicated by the illusion of greatness.
• Dishonesty. Both live by deceit. The Mayor extorts and covers up; Hlestakov cheats and lies. Neither has any moral scruple about taking what is not his.
• Opportunism. Each seizes the moment. The Mayor exploits his office; Hlestakov exploits the officials' terror, accepting "loans" from everyone in sight.
• Self-deception. Both are blinded by what they wish to believe: the Mayor that his fortune is secured through Marya's marriage, Hlestakov that he truly is the great man he pretends to be.

Conclusion. Gogol pairs a crafty official with a foolish impostor to show that they are moral kin. Their contrast in rank and cleverness makes the comedy, but their shared vanity and corruption make the satire, and the Mayor's downfall at the hands of Hlestakov exposes how a rotten society is at last cheated by the very emptiness it worships.

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In Isidore Okpewho's The Last Duty the marriage of Aku and Oshevire stands at the moral centre of the novel. Set during a civil war in the fictional country where Oshevire, an Igabo man, lives among the Simba of Urukpe, their relationship is tested to breaking point by imprisonment, temptation and slander, and Okpewho uses it to explore loyalty, love and the destructive power of war on private lives.

A marriage of genuine love and trust. Before the war Aku and Oshevire share a stable, affectionate home with their young son Oghenovo. Oshevire is an honest, principled rubber trader who loves his wife deeply, and Aku, though of a minority group and therefore vulnerable, is devoted to him. Their bond is presented as sincere and mutually respectful.

The war forces them apart. Oshevire is falsely accused of collaborating with the enemy and thrown into prison, largely through the scheming of his business rival Toje. His long absence leaves Aku isolated, poor and unprotected in a hostile town, a woman alone with a child and no one to defend her.

Aku's loyalty under pressure. Toje, desiring Aku and wanting to keep Oshevire out of the way permanently, uses his wealth and influence to "support" her while pursuing her sexually. Aku resists for a long time out of love for her husband, but her extreme dependence and vulnerability eventually draw her into a compromising situation with Toje and, ironically, with his kinsman Odibo. Her lapse is presented less as betrayal than as the tragic result of helplessness in wartime.

Loyalty in absence. Even so, Aku's heart remains with Oshevire; her thoughts return constantly to him and to the family they had, and she longs for his release. Oshevire, for his part, never stops trusting and loving his wife, believing in her fidelity through his long confinement.

The tragic ending. When Oshevire is finally freed and returns, the strain of war and suspicion has poisoned the reunion. The relationship, though founded on real love, cannot be fully restored, and the novel ends in destruction rather than joyful reunion, underscoring how war shatters even the strongest private bonds.

Conclusion. The relationship between Aku and Oshevire is one of deep love and loyalty placed under intolerable strain by war, poverty and human malice. Okpewho uses it to show that in a corrupt and violent society even innocent, loving people become victims, and that the greatest casualties of war are often ordinary families.

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Although he appears only briefly and never comes to Raveloe, William Dane is the hidden hinge of George Eliot's Silas Marner. His single act of treachery in Lantern Yard determines the shape of Silas's entire life, so that the whole story of exile, miserliness and eventual redemption flows from what William Dane does at the beginning.

He is Silas's trusted friend. In the narrow religious community of Lantern Yard, William Dane is Silas Marner's closest companion, so intimate that the brethren call them David and Jonathan. Silas admires and confides in him completely, which makes the coming betrayal all the more devastating.

He frames Silas for theft. When the dying deacon's money disappears, suspicion falls on Silas because his pocket-knife is found by the empty cash-box. It is William Dane who has stolen the money and planted the evidence, hiding the empty bag in Silas's own dwelling to complete the frame. The trusted friend deliberately destroys the innocent man.

He exploits Silas's faith to condemn him. The congregation, refusing worldly proof, resorts to drawing lots, believing God will reveal the truth. The lots fall against Silas, and William Dane's guilt is masked by this false verdict. Silas is declared a thief, his belief in a just God is shattered, and William Dane self-righteously denounces him.

He steals Silas's betrothed. The injury goes further: Silas's engagement to Sarah is broken by the disgrace, and William Dane soon marries her himself. Thus Dane robs Silas not only of his good name and his faith but also of his intended wife and his future happiness.

He drives Silas into the exile that shapes the novel. Crushed and disillusioned, Silas leaves Lantern Yard for the strange village of Raveloe. Every later development, his lonely weaving, his obsessive hoarding of gold, the theft by Dunstan Cass, and the redeeming arrival of Eppie, grows out of this uprooting. William Dane's treachery is therefore the ultimate cause of both Silas's long spiritual death and his final rebirth.

Conclusion. William Dane affects the fortunes of Silas Marner absolutely: he betrays his friend, engineers his false conviction, destroys his faith and his engagement, and forces him into the exile from which the novel's action unfolds. A minor character in stage-time, he is a major cause in the moral scheme, the dark beginning against which Silas's eventual regeneration shines.

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Richard Wright's Black Boy is above all the record of a self-determined spirit. From earliest childhood the narrator Richard refuses to be moulded by the hunger, violence, family tyranny and racial oppression that surround him, and it is his stubborn will to define himself that gives the autobiography its power.

Early rebellion against authority. As a small boy Richard questions and resists every attempt to control him. He defies his grandmother's rigid Seventh-Day Adventist household, refuses to accept religion merely because it is imposed, and rejects the beatings and prayers meant to break his independence. His insistence on thinking for himself sets him apart from all around him.

Hunger for knowledge. Denied books and formal encouragement, Richard determines to educate himself. His imagination is first lit by the story of Bluebeard, and he pursues reading against every obstacle. The famous episode in Memphis, where he forges a note and borrows a white man's library card to obtain the works of H. L. Mencken, shows him defying the whole system that forbids a black boy to read. Through literature he consciously builds his own mind.

Refusal to accept his "place". The white South demands that a black boy be servile, grinning and dishonest about his feelings. Richard cannot perform this role. He loses jobs, angers employers and endangers himself because he will not play the humble "nigger" expected of him. His inability to submit is not mere clumsiness but a deep refusal to surrender his selfhood.

Independence within his own community. His self-determination isolates him even from other black people, who fear that his pride will bring trouble. Yet he refuses to dampen his spirit to win their approval, choosing solitude over conformity.

The decision to leave. The supreme act of self-determination is his choice to escape the South. Saving his money and steeling his will, Richard migrates North to Chicago in search of the freedom to become a writer and a full human being. This flight is the logical outcome of a life spent asserting the right to shape his own destiny.

The vocation of writing. Underlying everything is his resolve to become a writer, to give voice to his own truth despite a world that offers him no encouragement. Writing becomes the ultimate expression of a self that insists on existing on its own terms.

Conclusion. Richard is self-determined in his rebellion against family and religion, his self-education, his refusal to accept racial subservience, his acceptance of loneliness, and his final escape to the North. His unbreakable will to define himself, against poverty and prejudice alike, is the central force of Black Boy.

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The love affair between Ona and Nwokocha Agbadi opens Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood and casts its shadow over the whole novel. Though it belongs to the older generation, this passionate, wilful relationship establishes the book's central concerns, produces its heroine, and sets in motion the fate that Nnu Ego will inherit.

It introduces the heroine and the plot. Nnu Ego, the central character, is the child of Ona and Agbadi. Their union is therefore the literal origin of the story. Nnu Ego's temperament, her pride and her lifelong struggle to prove herself as a mother, all descend from this beginning, so the relationship is the seed from which the plot grows.

It dramatises the theme of a woman's independence. Ona is a proud, spirited woman who refuses to become an ordinary wife. Bound by a promise to her father, Obi Umunna, who has no male heir, she will not marry Agbadi and insists on keeping her own will even as his mistress. Her fierce independence, and the tension it creates with Agbadi's masculine pride, introduces the novel's great question: what freedom can a woman have in a patriarchal society? Nnu Ego's later life answers this question tragically.

It exposes the conflict between love and male dominance. Agbadi is a wealthy, arrogant chief who loves Ona precisely because she resists him. Their relationship is a battle of wills, tender yet combative. His public display of lovemaking to humiliate a jealous wife, and Ona's refusal to be owned, reveal both the intensity and the cruelty in relations between men and women, another pattern the novel will trace through Nnu Ego's marriages.

It links the theme of childbearing and the chi. Ona's death after childbirth, and her dying wish that Agbadi allow their daughter to have a life of her own, connect directly to the novel's spiritual framework. Nnu Ego is said to be dogged by the chi of a slave woman wronged in Agbadi's household, and the guilt and passion surrounding Ona and Agbadi feed the sense of an inherited curse that will deny Nnu Ego lasting happiness.

It sets the standard of pride the novel questions. The strong, self-respecting Ona contrasts with the self-sacrificing Nnu Ego, inviting readers to weigh the cost of a woman's pride against the cost of a woman's devotion to motherhood.

Conclusion. The Ona-Agbadi relationship is significant because it generates the heroine, launches the plot, and announces the novel's abiding themes of female independence, the clash of love and male power, and the burden of childbearing. It is the source from which Nnu Ego's tragedy flows.

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The claim that Sir Thomas More is naive invites us to weigh his conduct in Robert Bolt's A Man For All Seasons. On the surface his refusal to compromise, and his fatal trust in the protection of the law, can look like innocence of the way power really works. On a closer view, however, More is not naive at all but a supremely shrewd lawyer who understands his danger perfectly and chooses principle with his eyes open.

The case that More is naive.

• He believes that his silence on the King's divorce and supremacy will keep him safe, trusting that the law cannot punish a man for what he has not said. Events prove this hope misplaced.
• He relies too far on old friendships and on the King's affection for him, underestimating Henry's ruthlessness once his conscience is crossed.
• He is generous and unsuspecting toward Richard Rich, giving him counsel and even a silver cup, failing to guard against the ambition that will later perjure him to death.
• His faith in the integrity of the courts is betrayed when Rich's false testimony, rewarded with the office of Attorney-General for Wales, secures his conviction.

The stronger case that he is not naive.

• More is the finest lawyer in England and knows the danger exactly. He retreats into silence precisely because he understands that the law protects a man who says nothing, and he defends that position with brilliant legal reasoning.
• He warns Rich plainly, telling him to be a teacher rather than seek advancement at court, showing that he reads Rich's character clearly and simply hopes to save him.
• He arranges his affairs, resigns the Chancellorship, and cuts himself off from dangerous conversation, all deliberate acts of a man managing a mortal threat.
• His stand is a matter of conscience, not ignorance. He would rather die than swear an oath he believes false, valuing his integrity above his life. This is moral courage, not simplicity.

Conclusion. More miscalculates the reach of tyranny and the depth of Rich's treachery, and to that limited extent he can seem naive. But Bolt presents him as a man who sees his peril more clearly than anyone and still refuses to betray his "self". His downfall comes not from foolish innocence but from an uncompromising conscience in a corrupt age. He is better described as principled and tragically steadfast than as naive.

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In Agbor Dancer, J. P. Clark watches a village girl dancing to the traditional drums and, in admiring her, becomes painfully aware of how far his own Western education has cut him off from that rootedness. The poem presents cultural alienation as the gap between the dancer's effortless belonging and the speaker's yearning distance.

The dancer as an image of cultural wholeness. The Agbor dancer moves in perfect harmony with the community drums, "her lithe limbs" carrying the rhythm of the tribe. She is spontaneous, unselfconscious and completely at one with her heritage. Clark presents her as the embodiment of an intact traditional culture, dancing "to the beat of the drums" as naturally as breathing.

The speaker as the alienated observer. Against her belonging the speaker sets his own exclusion. He watches from outside the circle, admiring but unable to join. The refrain-like longing, that he wishes he could "lose" himself in that rhythm as she does, exposes a man estranged from the very culture that should be his own. His alienation is dramatised as a spectator's distance from a dance he can appreciate intellectually but not enter instinctively.

The cause: Western education. The poem implies that the speaker's book-learning and colonial schooling are responsible for his estrangement. His self-consciousness, the very habit of standing back to analyse, is what separates him from the dancer's unthinking freedom. Clark thus makes cultural alienation the price of a foreign education that trains the mind away from the community's living traditions.

Contrast as method. The theme is built almost entirely on contrast: instinct against intellect, participation against observation, the rooted dancer against the uprooted watcher, freedom against inhibition. Every image of the girl's easy grace deepens the reader's sense of the speaker's loss.

Tone of yearning and regret. The mood is wistful. The speaker does not despise his learning, but he mourns what it has cost him. His admiration is tinged with envy and a nostalgic desire to recover a lost innocence and belonging.

Conclusion. Through the striking opposition between the self-forgetful Agbor dancer and the self-aware, educated onlooker, Clark presents cultural alienation as the tragic distance a Western-schooled African feels from his own roots. The poem is a lament for the wholeness that formal education has taken away.

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Toje is one of the most powerfully drawn figures in Isidore Okpewho's The Last Duty, and the war is the making and the unmaking of him. A wealthy rubber merchant of Urukpe, Toje exploits the conflict for his own ends, but the same war that gives him power also exposes his weakness and drives him to ruin.

The war gives him opportunity and influence. The breakdown of normal order allows Toje to rise. As a leading citizen he wins a place on the local council and cultivates the military administrator, so that his word carries weight with the authorities. The war turns him from a mere businessman into a man of dangerous influence.

He uses the war to destroy a rival. Toje's chief motive is to eliminate his business competitor, Oshevire, the other big rubber trader in the town. Exploiting the wartime fear of collaborators, he engineers the false accusation that Oshevire has aided the enemy, and he works to keep him imprisoned indefinitely. Thus the war becomes Toje's weapon for settling a private commercial grudge.

He uses the war to pursue Aku. With Oshevire safely locked away, Toje sets out to possess his rival's wife. He uses his wealth to make the destitute Aku dependent on him and presses his lust upon her. The war, by making Aku vulnerable and alone, hands Toje the chance to satisfy his desire.

The war exposes his impotence. Here lies the deep irony of his story. For all his power and scheming, Toje is sexually impotent, and his attempt to take Aku ends in humiliation. He is reduced to using his simple kinsman Odibo, which only compounds his shame and jealousy. The war strips away his mask of strength to reveal a frustrated, diminished man.

The war brings about his moral and physical downfall. Toje's greed, lust and abuse of power set in motion the tragedy that engulfs the whole community. His machinations collapse; the violence he helped to unleash rebounds upon himself and those around him, and he ends broken rather than triumphant. His fate embodies Okpewho's judgement that those who profit from a nation's suffering are finally consumed by it.

Conclusion. The war transforms Toje from a jealous businessman into a corrupt power-broker, giving him the means to imprison his rival and prey upon Aku, yet it also lays bare his impotence and drives him to destruction. Through Toje, Okpewho shows how war rewards greed and cruelty only to punish them, and how the true casualties of conflict include the schemers themselves.

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In I Will Pronounce Your Name, Leopold Sedar Senghor celebrates the beloved, Naett, by piling up figures of speech that turn her name into a feast for the senses. The poem is less an argument than an incantation, and its figurative language is the source of its music and sensuous beauty.

Apostrophe. The whole poem is a direct address to an absent beloved, "Naett". This apostrophe gives the lines the intimacy of a lover speaking, and the promise to "pronounce your name" frames the poem as a devotional act.

Simile. Senghor defines the beloved's name through a chain of comparisons introduced by "like". The name is "mild like cinnamon" and likened to the fragrance of a lemon grove and to the sweetness of ripe fruit. These similes appeal directly to taste and smell, making abstract affection physically vivid.

Metaphor. Naett is repeatedly identified with natural forces and precious things. Her name becomes "sugar", a "dry tornado", the "clap of lightning", pure gold and shining coral. By fusing the woman with sweetness, storm and treasure, the metaphors present her as both tender and elemental, gentle yet overpowering.

Imagery. The poem is dense with sensory imagery: the perfume of spices and citrus (smell), the taste of sugar and fruit (taste), gold, coal and coral (sight and touch). This synaesthetic mixing of the senses conveys the total, overwhelming effect the beloved has on the poet.

Personification and hyperbole. Natural elements are given life and emotion, and the beloved's qualities are magnified beyond ordinary measure, so that her name commands storms and shines like precious metal. The exaggeration expresses the intensity of adoration.

Repetition and refrain. The recurring naming of "Naett" and the repeated pattern of definition act like a chant. This repetition builds rhythm and reinforces the ritual, almost sacred, tone of the tribute.

Contrast. Senghor balances soft images (cinnamon, sugar, fragrance) against hard, violent ones (tornado, lightning, coal), suggesting that the beloved unites tenderness with fierce power.

Conclusion. Through apostrophe, simile, metaphor, rich sensory imagery, personification, hyperbole and hypnotic repetition, Senghor transforms a single name into a sensuous hymn. The figures of speech are not decoration but the very means by which the poet makes the reader taste, smell and feel his love.

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The account of the preparations for Mr Ford's visit comes in Styles's long opening monologue in Athol Fugard's Sizwe Bansi is Dead. Styles recalls his days as a worker at the Ford motor assembly plant in Port Elizabeth, and his story is a comic yet biting satire on the way black workers were treated.

The announcement

• The foreman, Mr Bradley, gathers the workers and excitedly tells them that Mr Henry Ford the Second, the great owner of the company, is coming all the way from America to visit their plant.
• Bradley treats the visit as if a god were descending, and the news throws the whole factory into a panic of preparation.

The frantic cleaning

• The workers are ordered to scrub, clean and polish the entire plant. Floors are washed, windows cleaned, machines wiped and greased until everything shines.
• The place is repainted; even the grass and surroundings are tidied so that the factory will look perfect.
• The men are given brand-new overalls to wear so that they too will look neat and impressive for the visitor.

The instructions to the workers

• The bosses coach the men on how to behave: they must look busy, happy and hard-working, and must show no sign of grievance.
• Styles is even called upon to act as interpreter, translating the white bosses' instructions to the black workers, and he mockingly reshapes the message to expose its dishonesty.

The anticlimax

• After all the labour and anxiety, the great Mr Ford sweeps through the plant in a matter of minutes, scarcely glancing at anything, and is gone.
• The mountain of preparation is wasted on a visit that lasts only a moment.

Significance

• The episode satirises the servility forced on black workers and the hollow show put on to please a powerful white boss.
• It exposes the indignity and exploitation of black labour, foreshadowing the play's larger attack on apartheid.

Conclusion

The preparations for Ford's visit, the frantic cleaning, painting, new overalls and rehearsed smiles, all for a visit of a few minutes, form a memorable comic set-piece that lays bare the humiliation of black workers and sets the satirical, protesting tone of the play.

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Andrew Marvell's To His Coy Mistress is a witty seduction poem whose argument is carried by a series of powerful images. The speaker urges his hesitant beloved to yield to love now, and he builds his case through vivid pictures of vast time, of death and decay, and of energetic passion. Three of these images are especially memorable.

1. The image of boundless time and space. In the opening movement the speaker imagines what their courtship could be if only they had "world enough, and time". He pictures himself loving her by the exotic Ganges while she refuses by the English Humber, and declares that his "vegetable love" would grow "vaster than empires and more slow", praising her for hundreds and even thousands of years. This hyperbolic image of endless, slowly ripening love flatters the mistress while gently mocking the leisurely pace her coyness would demand. It establishes the ideal against which the harsh reality of the second movement will strike.

2. The image of time as a pursuing chariot and of the grave. The mood darkens with the famous lines that at his back he "always hear[s] time's winged chariot hurrying near", while before him stretch the "deserts of vast eternity". Time is personified as a relentless charioteer, and eternity as an empty, lifeless desert. This is followed by a chilling picture of the tomb: her beauty will be lost, worms will "try" her long-preserved virginity, her "quaint honour" will "turn to dust", and his desire to "ashes". These grim images of death and physical decay press the argument that beauty and chastity are worthless once life is over, and so urge immediate love.

3. The image of vigorous, devouring passion. The final movement bursts with images of energy. The lovers are urged to behave like "amorous birds of prey" that "devour" time rather than languish in its "slow-chapped power". They should roll all their "strength" and "sweetness up into one ball" and tear their pleasures "with rough strife / Through the iron gates of life". These violent, athletic images of seizing and consuming life turn love-making into a triumphant act of defiance against time, and they close the poem with a surge of passionate urgency.

Conclusion. Marvell moves his argument from flattering vastness, through the terror of death, to fierce action. The three images, of limitless time, of the pursuing chariot and the grave, and of devouring passion, together dramatise the poem's carpe diem theme: because time is short and death certain, the lovers must seize their pleasure now.

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Deception is the engine that drives Gogol's The Government Inspector. The whole action springs from a single mistake, and every character then either practises deceit or is deceived by it, so that the play becomes a comic anatomy of a corrupt society that lives by pretence.

The founding deception: mistaken identity. The Mayor receives a warning that an inspector is coming from St. Petersburg, travelling incognito. The frightened officials seize on Hlestakov, a penniless clerk stranded at the inn because he has gambled his money away, and mistake him for the dreaded inspector. Hlestakov never seriously claims the title at first; the officials deceive themselves through guilty fear. This self-deception is the play's central irony: the swindlers are swindled by their own bad consciences.

Hlestakov as impostor. Once he grasps his luck, Hlestakov actively plays the role. He accepts bribes as "loans", boasts monstrously of dining on soup shipped from Paris, of writing works attributed to famous authors, and of running government departments. His lying grows so extravagant that it exposes the gullibility of his hosts, who swallow every absurdity because they are desperate to please the man they believe can ruin them.

Deception among the officials. Every official is himself a fraud. The Judge takes bribes in the form of greyhound puppies; the Charity Commissioner Zemlyanika lets patients die and slanders his colleagues; the Postmaster opens private letters; the schools and hospitals are shams dressed up for inspection. Their whole administration is a performance staged to hide rot, so deception is not accidental but the normal condition of their public life.

Deception in love and ambition. Hlestakov deceives both the Mayor's wife Anna and his daughter Marya, flirting with mother and daughter in turn before hastily proposing to Marya. The Mayor, already dreaming of a general's rank and a house in the capital, is deceived into believing his family's fortune is made.

The unmasking. The deceptions collapse in two devastating strokes. The Postmaster intercepts Hlestakov's letter to his friend Tryapichkin, in which he mocks each official by name and reveals he is a nobody. The self-deceivers are exposed to one another in a scene of humiliation. Then the Gendarme announces that the real Inspector has arrived, freezing the cast in the celebrated dumb show. The pretenders are trapped by the very machinery of surveillance they had tried to cheat.

Conclusion. Through layer upon layer of deceit, self-deception, imposture and unmasking, Gogol shows that a community built on bribery and hypocrisy is peculiarly easy to deceive, because it is already deceiving itself. Deception is therefore both the comic mechanism and the moral target of the play.

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William Wordsworth's The Solitary Reaper is built on the Romantic conviction that nature and human feeling belong to one another. The poem watches a Highland girl reaping and singing alone in a field, and it uses the natural world both to frame her and to measure the power of her song, so that man and nature are shown to be deeply and beautifully connected.

Nature as the setting that shapes the human figure. The reaper is not seen in a town or crowd but "single in the field", cutting and binding the grain among the Highland vale. Her solitude and her labour are inseparable from the rural landscape. Wordsworth insists that we behold her in this natural setting, so that the girl and the field become a single image of rustic life.

Nature as the standard for measuring her song. To convey the beauty of her melody the poet reaches instinctively for nature. Her voice is more welcome than the nightingale's to weary travellers in an Arabian desert, and more thrilling than the cuckoo-bird breaking the silence of the seas among the far Hebrides. These comparisons show that human art is best understood through natural images, and that nature supplies the very language of praise.

Harmony between the human voice and the natural scene. The girl's song seems to flow out of the valley itself; the vale "overflowing with the sound". Her music does not disturb nature but merges with it, filling the landscape as naturally as birdsong. Man and nature are thus in concord rather than conflict.

Nature and the working of memory. True to Romantic doctrine, the experience of the reaper in her natural setting sinks into the poet's mind and lives on: he bears the music in his heart "long after it was heard no more". Nature, through the reaper's song, becomes a lasting source of inner nourishment, echoing Wordsworth's belief that scenes of natural beauty feed the spirit in later life.

The dignity of rural humanity. By making a humble labouring girl the centre of the poem, Wordsworth expresses his faith that ordinary people living close to nature possess a natural nobility and emotional depth worthy of high poetry.

Conclusion. In The Solitary Reaper the relationship between man and nature is one of harmony, reflection and enrichment. Nature frames the reaper, lends images to celebrate her song, blends with her voice, and preserves the moment in memory. The poem is a quiet testament to the Romantic belief that human feeling reaches its fullest beauty in communion with the natural world.

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Money and gold are more than possessions in George Eliot's Silas Marner; they are the measure of Silas's inner life. The novel traces his spiritual journey through his changing relationship to gold, from betrayed faith, to miserly obsession, to loss, and finally to the golden-haired child who redeems him. Gold thus organises the whole moral pattern of the book.

Gold and his early betrayal. In Lantern Yard Silas is a devout young weaver with little thought of money. His faith is shattered when his friend William Dane frames him for the theft of the congregation's money, and Silas, wrongly convicted, loses his church, his betrothed and his God. Money enters his life first as an instrument of injustice, driving him into exile at Raveloe.

Gold as a substitute for love and faith. Cut off from human fellowship and belief, Silas turns to his loom and to the coins it earns. Hoarding becomes his religion. He counts and caresses his growing pile of guineas night after night, loving the very faces of the coins. The gold fills the emptiness left by lost faith and friendship, but it also dries up his heart, shrinking him into a lonely, insect-like miser feared by the villagers.

The loss of the gold. When Dunstan Cass steals the hoard, Silas is plunged into despair, for his god has been taken from him. Yet this loss is the turning point of his life. Bereft of the gold that shut him off from others, he is forced out of his isolation to seek help, and the villagers' sympathy begins, faintly, to reconnect him with humanity.

Gold transformed into the golden-haired child. On the night of the theft's aftermath, the toddler Eppie wanders into his cottage, and in the firelight her golden curls seem to Silas at first to be his returned gold. This substitution is the novel's central symbol: living gold replaces dead metal. In caring for Eppie, Silas's shrivelled heart reopens; love, community and faith are restored to him.

The final judgement on money. When the stolen hoard is at last recovered, it no longer means anything to Silas, for Eppie has given him riches that coins cannot buy. And when Godfrey Cass, Eppie's natural father, offers wealth to reclaim her, she chooses her poor foster-father over money. Eliot thus insists that human affection is worth immeasurably more than gold.

Conclusion. In Silas's life, gold marks each stage of his fall and redemption: it betrays him, then possesses him, then, in its loss and its transformation into a child, saves him. Through it Eliot teaches that money hoarded for its own sake corrupts and isolates, while love turns true riches into a blessing.