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Pregunta 1 Informe
(a) (i) Define the term culling as used in livestock production.
(ii) State two reasons why culling is practiced in cattle production.
(b) Mention one major function each of ptyalin, rennin and pepsin during digestion of feed in rabbits.
(a) (i) Definition of culling as used in cattle production;
Culling is the removal of animals from the flock for specific reasons
(ii) Reasons for culling;
(b) Major function of ptyalin, renin and pepsin during digestion of feed in rabbit
Ptyalin: It is an amylase/enzyme which converts/digests starch to maltose/dextrin in the mouth
Renin: It is an enzyme which helps in the coagulation/curdle of milk protein in the stomach
OR
Digestion of casein to casinogen in the stomach
Pepsin: It is an enzyme which converts proteins to peptones and or polypeptides in the stomach
Detalles de la respuesta
(a) (i) Definition of culling as used in cattle production;
Culling is the removal of animals from the flock for specific reasons
(ii) Reasons for culling;
(b) Major function of ptyalin, renin and pepsin during digestion of feed in rabbit
Ptyalin: It is an amylase/enzyme which converts/digests starch to maltose/dextrin in the mouth
Renin: It is an enzyme which helps in the coagulation/curdle of milk protein in the stomach
OR
Digestion of casein to casinogen in the stomach
Pepsin: It is an enzyme which converts proteins to peptones and or polypeptides in the stomach
Pregunta 2 Informe
(a) Explain the term ration as used in animal production.
(b) Explain how each of the following factors influence feed formulation for farm animals: (i) physiological status of animal;
(ii) age of animal; (iii) purpose of production; (iv) availability of feed ingredients.
(c) Describe the process of preparing palm kernel cake.
(d) Give two differences between broiler starter mash and broiler finisher mash.
(a) Explanation of Ration
Ration is the amount of feed/ diet that is given to animals daily / 24 hour period.
(b) Explanation of how factors affect feed formulation
(i) Physiological status of animal Animals of different physiological state will require different types of diet, e.g.
- Healthy animals need balanced, production or maintenance ration.
- Poor slate of an animal requires a fortified feed.
- Pregnant animals - Lactating animal.,
(ii) Age of animal
- Animals at different stages of growth will require different formulas ion of diet.
- Older animals require lower nutrients.
- Younger animals require higher nutrients.
(iii) Purpose of production
- Different breeds require different nutrient composition in the feed.
- Feed content will depend on the purpose of production which might be for lactation, egg production or wool production.
- Fattening/beef/broiler/growth will require higher energy and protein in the feed for efficient production.
- Higher energy and protein are required in the feed for traction, draught, work and transportation of animals.
(iv) Availability of feed
- Determines which ingredient
- Determines the nutrient
- Determines level of
- Determines the cost
- Determines the quantity
(c) Preparation of palm
- Seeds of palm kernel
- The seeds are roasted.
- The seeds are crushed
- The ground seeds are
- The residue is pressed
(d) Differences between Broiler Starter Mash and Broiler Finisher Mash
| Broiler Starter Mash | Broiler finisher Mash |
| Fed from day old to four weeks | Fed to broiler above four weeks |
| Higher protein content | Lower protein content |
| Small fine particle sized feed | big coarse particle sized feed |
| High energy content | High energy |
| High Protein | Low protein |
Detalles de la respuesta
(a) Explanation of Ration
Ration is the amount of feed/ diet that is given to animals daily / 24 hour period.
(b) Explanation of how factors affect feed formulation
(i) Physiological status of animal Animals of different physiological state will require different types of diet, e.g.
- Healthy animals need balanced, production or maintenance ration.
- Poor slate of an animal requires a fortified feed.
- Pregnant animals - Lactating animal.,
(ii) Age of animal
- Animals at different stages of growth will require different formulas ion of diet.
- Older animals require lower nutrients.
- Younger animals require higher nutrients.
(iii) Purpose of production
- Different breeds require different nutrient composition in the feed.
- Feed content will depend on the purpose of production which might be for lactation, egg production or wool production.
- Fattening/beef/broiler/growth will require higher energy and protein in the feed for efficient production.
- Higher energy and protein are required in the feed for traction, draught, work and transportation of animals.
(iv) Availability of feed
- Determines which ingredient
- Determines the nutrient
- Determines level of
- Determines the cost
- Determines the quantity
(c) Preparation of palm
- Seeds of palm kernel
- The seeds are roasted.
- The seeds are crushed
- The ground seeds are
- The residue is pressed
(d) Differences between Broiler Starter Mash and Broiler Finisher Mash
| Broiler Starter Mash | Broiler finisher Mash |
| Fed from day old to four weeks | Fed to broiler above four weeks |
| Higher protein content | Lower protein content |
| Small fine particle sized feed | big coarse particle sized feed |
| High energy content | High energy |
| High Protein | Low protein |
Pregunta 3 Informe
(a) Give three reasons for keeping goats.
(b) (i) Define the term oetrus as used in farm animals. (ii) State three signs of heat is a sow
(c) Complete the table below.
| FARM ANIMAL | ADULT FEMALE | PARTURITION | YOUNG ONE |
| I | Cow | II | III |
| Goat | IV | V | VI |
| VII | XI | Lambing | IX |
| X | XI | XII | Piglet |
(a) Reasons for keeping goats: (i) Meat as a source of protein for humans (ii) Milk as a source of protein for humans
(iii) Source of skin for leather production (iv) Source of income (v) Social prestige
(vi) Cultural obligations/purposes/festivals
(vii) Source of manure to fertilize fields for cropping:organic manure (viii) Source of employment (ix) Research purpose/education
(x) Bone/ blood meal as feed for livestock (xi) Source of foreign exchange (xii) Goat show/exhibition (xiii) Mohair production.
(b) (i) Oestrous: It is the period/time when female animals are willing/receptive to mate with the male of the same species.
(ii) Signs of heat in a sow: (i) Restlessness running about/uneasiness (ii) Mucous discharge from the vulva (iii)Attempting to mount animals in the herd (iv) Reddened and swollen vulva
(v) Loss of appetite/anorexia (vii) Undue noise making or ranting (viii) Standing still to be mounted (ix) Rise in body temperature (x) Frequent urination (xi) Frequent wagging of tail.
(c) Completion of the table
| FARM ANIMAL | ADULT FEMALE | PARTURITION | YOUNG ONE |
| I - Cattle | Cow | II - Calving | III - Calf |
| Goat | IV - Doe/nanny | V Kidding | VI - Kid |
| VII - Sheep | XI - Ewe | Lambing | IX - Lamb |
| X - Pig/swine | XI - Sow | XII - Farrowing | Piglet |
Detalles de la respuesta
(a) Reasons for keeping goats: (i) Meat as a source of protein for humans (ii) Milk as a source of protein for humans
(iii) Source of skin for leather production (iv) Source of income (v) Social prestige
(vi) Cultural obligations/purposes/festivals
(vii) Source of manure to fertilize fields for cropping:organic manure (viii) Source of employment (ix) Research purpose/education
(x) Bone/ blood meal as feed for livestock (xi) Source of foreign exchange (xii) Goat show/exhibition (xiii) Mohair production.
(b) (i) Oestrous: It is the period/time when female animals are willing/receptive to mate with the male of the same species.
(ii) Signs of heat in a sow: (i) Restlessness running about/uneasiness (ii) Mucous discharge from the vulva (iii)Attempting to mount animals in the herd (iv) Reddened and swollen vulva
(v) Loss of appetite/anorexia (vii) Undue noise making or ranting (viii) Standing still to be mounted (ix) Rise in body temperature (x) Frequent urination (xi) Frequent wagging of tail.
(c) Completion of the table
| FARM ANIMAL | ADULT FEMALE | PARTURITION | YOUNG ONE |
| I - Cattle | Cow | II - Calving | III - Calf |
| Goat | IV - Doe/nanny | V Kidding | VI - Kid |
| VII - Sheep | XI - Ewe | Lambing | IX - Lamb |
| X - Pig/swine | XI - Sow | XII - Farrowing | Piglet |
Pregunta 4 Informe
(a) Name four parts of the reproductive system of each of the following farm animals: (i) bull; (ii) hen.
(b) Give one function of each of the parts named in 3(a).
(c) Describe the process of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig.
(a) Parts of the reproductive system of:
(i) bull
- seminal vesicle
- testis
- spermatic cord
- scrotum
- urethra
- penis
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- cowper's gland
- prostate gland
(ii) Hen
- Ovary/oval/ovum
- shell gland/uterus
- Funnel/ infundibulum/Fallopian tube Vagina Sphincter
- magnum/ampulla
- Vagina
-isthmus
- Sphincter
- Cloaca
(b) Functions of parts named
Bull
Testis: sperm production, secretion of hormones
Scrotum: covers the testis and regulates the temperature of the testis
Urethra: passage for semen /sperm
Penis: copulatory organ, discharge and deposition of semen into reproductive organ of female.
Epididymis: transportation, concentration and storage of semen
Vas deferens: passage for sperm/semen into urethra
Seminal ‘Vesicle: produces a sugar rich fluid (fructose) for energy
Spermatic cord: supplies blood, nutrient and oxygen
Cowper's gland: secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralises acidity caused by the residual drops of urine.
Prostate gland: increases the volume of the ejaculate; helps to nourish the sperm: promotes movement of spermatozoon
Hen
Ovary: Production of ova, secretion of hormones
Funnel: Passage of ova into magnum; fertilisation of ova
Magnum: Secretion of albumen, formation of chalaza
Shell gland/uterus: Formation and deposition of shell, adds water to swell up the egg. Deposits minerals
Vagina: Copulatory organ, temporary storage of egg
Sphincter: Contracts to hold egg in vagina or relaxes to release egg into cloaca
Cloaca: Opening for laying egg
Isthmus: Secretes shell membrane, determines shape or the egg.
(C) Process of digestion of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig
- Tuber is chewed: ground with teeth/ masticated to reduce size.
- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft/moist/ lubricated.
- Amylase from saliva acts to break down starch to maltose.
- Food is rolled in IT the tongue and pushed back and swallowed.
Detalles de la respuesta
(a) Parts of the reproductive system of:
(i) bull
- seminal vesicle
- testis
- spermatic cord
- scrotum
- urethra
- penis
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- cowper's gland
- prostate gland
(ii) Hen
- Ovary/oval/ovum
- shell gland/uterus
- Funnel/ infundibulum/Fallopian tube Vagina Sphincter
- magnum/ampulla
- Vagina
-isthmus
- Sphincter
- Cloaca
(b) Functions of parts named
Bull
Testis: sperm production, secretion of hormones
Scrotum: covers the testis and regulates the temperature of the testis
Urethra: passage for semen /sperm
Penis: copulatory organ, discharge and deposition of semen into reproductive organ of female.
Epididymis: transportation, concentration and storage of semen
Vas deferens: passage for sperm/semen into urethra
Seminal ‘Vesicle: produces a sugar rich fluid (fructose) for energy
Spermatic cord: supplies blood, nutrient and oxygen
Cowper's gland: secretes fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralises acidity caused by the residual drops of urine.
Prostate gland: increases the volume of the ejaculate; helps to nourish the sperm: promotes movement of spermatozoon
Hen
Ovary: Production of ova, secretion of hormones
Funnel: Passage of ova into magnum; fertilisation of ova
Magnum: Secretion of albumen, formation of chalaza
Shell gland/uterus: Formation and deposition of shell, adds water to swell up the egg. Deposits minerals
Vagina: Copulatory organ, temporary storage of egg
Sphincter: Contracts to hold egg in vagina or relaxes to release egg into cloaca
Cloaca: Opening for laying egg
Isthmus: Secretes shell membrane, determines shape or the egg.
(C) Process of digestion of cassava tuber in the mouth of a pig
- Tuber is chewed: ground with teeth/ masticated to reduce size.
- Saliva is secreted by salivary gland.
- Food is mixed with saliva to make it soft/moist/ lubricated.
- Amylase from saliva acts to break down starch to maltose.
- Food is rolled in IT the tongue and pushed back and swallowed.
Pregunta 5 Informe
(a) Explain how each of the following factors affect feed formulation for farm animals:
(b) State five precautions to be taken to ensure the preparation of good quality feed for layers.
(a) Explanation of factors that affect feed formulation for farm animals
(i) Age of animal
(ii) Physiological state of animal
(iii) Purpose of keeping the animal
Feed formulated depends on the type of product/objective/output expected from the animal e.g. meat, egg, wool, draught/power/work
(b) Precautions to be taken to ensure the preparation of good quality feed for
layers
Detalles de la respuesta
(a) Explanation of factors that affect feed formulation for farm animals
(i) Age of animal
(ii) Physiological state of animal
(iii) Purpose of keeping the animal
Feed formulated depends on the type of product/objective/output expected from the animal e.g. meat, egg, wool, draught/power/work
(b) Precautions to be taken to ensure the preparation of good quality feed for
layers
Pregunta 6 Informe
(a). Complete the table below on the gestation period of farm animals.
| Animal | Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep | (i): |
| Rabbit | (ii): |
| Cattle | (iii): |
(b). State five ways in which good housing is important for farm animals.
(c). Explain each of the following management practices in animal production. i. teeth clipping: ii. foster mothering: iii. docking
(d)(i). Define the term dystocia. (ii). State four causes of dystocia in farm animals.
(a) Completion of table on the gestation period of farm animals
| Animal | Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep | (i): 137 - 152 |
| Rabbit | (ii): 30 - 32 |
| Cattle | (iii): 280 - 283 |
(b) Importance of good housing unit for Farm Animals.- Ensures protection from rain/cold weather/inclement weather. -Protects animal from the direct rays of sunlight. – Restricts movement of animals. – Controls pest infestation. – - Protects animals from theft. - Protects animals from predators. – Ensures controlled breeding. -Minimizes loss of products e.g. eggs. - Minimizes destruction of products. - It eliminates destruction of neighboring properties. - Elimination of conflict over ownership of animals for easy handling.
(c) Explanation of management practices in animal production i. Teeth clipping: - Cutting of the four canine teeth in piglet. - Helps to prevent injuries to the teat. -Prevents injuries to other piglets during nursing. ii. Foster mothering: - This is the act in which a nursing dam takes care of young ones as well as her own. It ensures all young animals have access to care. – It reduces mortality in orphan animals. Dam could be stressed due to the extra care of additional young ones. iii. Docking: - This is the removal or shortening of the tail of an animal. – It is done to prevent staining of the tail with fecal materials. – It is done to prevent tail biting among pigs.
(d)(i). Definition of Dystocia: This refers to difficult or abnormal birth in livestock. (ii). Causes of Dystocia in farm animals. -Malpresentation of foetus during parturition. – Small pelvis of the dam relative to the size of foetus. Foetal abnormalities/oversize foetus. Uterine and vaginal rupture. - Undernutrition leading to loss of energy during partition.
Detalles de la respuesta
(a) Completion of table on the gestation period of farm animals
| Animal | Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep | (i): 137 - 152 |
| Rabbit | (ii): 30 - 32 |
| Cattle | (iii): 280 - 283 |
(b) Importance of good housing unit for Farm Animals.- Ensures protection from rain/cold weather/inclement weather. -Protects animal from the direct rays of sunlight. – Restricts movement of animals. – Controls pest infestation. – - Protects animals from theft. - Protects animals from predators. – Ensures controlled breeding. -Minimizes loss of products e.g. eggs. - Minimizes destruction of products. - It eliminates destruction of neighboring properties. - Elimination of conflict over ownership of animals for easy handling.
(c) Explanation of management practices in animal production i. Teeth clipping: - Cutting of the four canine teeth in piglet. - Helps to prevent injuries to the teat. -Prevents injuries to other piglets during nursing. ii. Foster mothering: - This is the act in which a nursing dam takes care of young ones as well as her own. It ensures all young animals have access to care. – It reduces mortality in orphan animals. Dam could be stressed due to the extra care of additional young ones. iii. Docking: - This is the removal or shortening of the tail of an animal. – It is done to prevent staining of the tail with fecal materials. – It is done to prevent tail biting among pigs.
(d)(i). Definition of Dystocia: This refers to difficult or abnormal birth in livestock. (ii). Causes of Dystocia in farm animals. -Malpresentation of foetus during parturition. – Small pelvis of the dam relative to the size of foetus. Foetal abnormalities/oversize foetus. Uterine and vaginal rupture. - Undernutrition leading to loss of energy during partition.
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