WAEC SSCE - Geography - 2022 (Objective)

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The weathering process that is commonly found in limestone regions is solution. This is because limestone is a type of rock that is easily dissolved in weak acids, such as carbonic acid. As rainwater containing carbon dioxide falls on limestone, it reacts with the rock, causing it to dissolve and create cavities and sinkholes. This process is known as solution weathering and is responsible for the formation of many limestone landscapes, such as caves and underground rivers.

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The factor of population growth from the options listed is "Birth rate." Birth rate refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given period. A higher birth rate than death rate leads to population growth. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, more people are being born than are dying, which means the population is increasing. Therefore, birth rate is an important factor of population growth.

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The term pyroclastic best describes fragmented materials ejected by volcanoes. Pyroclastic materials, also known as tephra, are fragments of volcanic rock and lava that are ejected during a volcanic eruption. These materials can vary in size from fine ash particles to large boulders and can travel long distances depending on the force of the eruption. They can also form pyroclastic flows, which are rapidly moving currents of hot gas and rock fragments that flow down the side of a volcano.

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The most significant factor that led to the revolution in the Japanese industrial sector is the input of committed and skillful industrial workforce. Japan had a large and highly skilled workforce that was willing to work hard and be innovative in order to drive economic growth. The government also played a key role in promoting and supporting industrial development through policies that encouraged investment in key industries. With a combination of a skilled workforce, government support, and a focus on innovation, Japan was able to rapidly industrialize and become a major economic power in the world. The presence of huge copper mines or vast oil and gas fields or military strength of the countries that aided them did not play as significant of a role in Japan's industrial revolution as the input of its committed and skillful industrial workforce.

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The major cause of rapid population growth rate in Tropical Africa is the lack of family planning. Family planning refers to the ability of individuals and couples to plan their family size and spacing of children. In many African countries, cultural and religious beliefs, lack of education, limited access to contraceptives, and low status of women make it difficult for individuals and couples to control their family size. As a result, there is a high fertility rate and rapid population growth, which put much pressure on land, exacerbate malnutrition and diseases, and make it difficult to improve living standards. Improving family planning services and education can help slow down the population growth rate and lead to sustainable development in Tropical Africa.

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The characteristics of igneous rocks are that they are crystalline and originate from molten magma. Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification and cooling of molten magma or lava. During the cooling process, minerals in the magma begin to crystallize and form a solid rock. This is why igneous rocks are typically made up of interlocking crystals. Stratification refers to the layering of sedimentary rocks, which is not a characteristic of igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have undergone a change in texture, mineral composition, or both due to heat and/or pressure, and are not necessarily related to igneous rocks. Therefore, the correct pair of characteristics for igneous rocks is III and IV only.

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A stack is the landform that is not associated with an advancing shoreline. An advancing shoreline refers to a situation where the shoreline is gradually extending or moving forward due to various processes like deposition of sediment or accretion. In this context, landforms are typically formed by the deposition of sediment as the shoreline advances. A spit is a narrow landform that extends from the shoreline into a body of water. It is formed through longshore drift, where waves and currents deposit sediment along the coastline. Over time, the deposition of sediment builds up the spit, causing it to extend further into the water. A beach is an area of loose particles, such as sand or pebbles, along the shoreline. It is formed through the accumulation of sediment carried by waves and currents. As the shoreline advances, more sediment is deposited, expanding the beach further along the coast. A tombolo is a landform that connects an island to the mainland or another island. It is formed by the deposition of sediment, typically in the form of a sandy or gravelly strip, which connects the landmasses. As the shoreline advances, sediment accumulates and forms the tombolo. However, a stack is a vertical column or pillar of rock that rises from the sea or coastline. It is not directly associated with an advancing shoreline. Stacks are formed through erosion, where waves, wind, and other natural forces gradually wear away the surrounding rock, leaving behind isolated pillars or columns of rock. In summary, while a spit, beach, and tombolo are landforms associated with an advancing shoreline due to the deposition of sediment, a stack is not directly related to an advancing shoreline but rather formed through erosion.

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Deflation is a process of wind erosion. It occurs when wind removes loose, fine-grained particles such as sand, silt, and clay from the surface of the Earth. As the wind moves across the ground, it picks up loose particles and carries them away, leaving behind a depression in the ground. Deflation can also lead to the formation of sand dunes, which are hills of sand that are shaped by the wind. When the wind slows down, the sand particles fall out of suspension and are deposited on the ground. This process is known as deposition. The other options listed, such as saltation, solution, and traction, are also processes of wind erosion but they are not the correct answer to the question. Saltation is the movement of particles in a bouncing motion along the ground, while solution involves the dissolution of minerals by wind-carried moisture. Traction is the process of large particles being dragged along the ground by the wind.

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The statement describes a barchan dune. A barchan dune is a crescent-shaped sand dune that is formed by the action of wind in arid and desert environments. Barchan dunes are formed by the unidirectional wind blowing across a flat surface, depositing sand on the windward side and causing it to migrate across the surface, with the apex of the dune facing downwind. Barchan dunes are common in areas with limited vegetation and a consistent wind direction. They can vary in size, from a few meters to several hundred meters in length. So, the statement describes a barchan dune which is formed from wind deposition in arid and desert environments, and is crescentic in shape.

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The lines drawn on maps joining places with equal amounts of cloud cover are called isonephs. Isonephs are similar to isobars and isohyets, which are lines joining places with equal air pressure and equal rainfall, respectively. Isonephs join places with equal cloud cover, meaning that they connect points on a map that have received the same amount of cloud cover. Isonephs are used in meteorology to display cloud coverage data and can help forecasters to predict weather patterns and atmospheric conditions. These lines are usually drawn using a particular interval or step, such as every 10% or 20% of cloud cover. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is isonephs.

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If the map is reduced by half its original size, it means that each unit on the reduced map represents two units on the original map. Therefore, the scale of the new map would be twice the scale of the original map. For example, if the original map had a scale of 1:50,000, the new map after being reduced by half would have a scale of 1:100,000. Similarly, if the original map had a scale of 1:100,000, the new map after being reduced by half would have a scale of 1:200,000. Based on the options given, the correct answer is 1:100,000.

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To determine which region exported the highest tonnes of rice using the dot map, we need to compare the number of dots in each region. Each dot on the map represents 20,000 tonnes of rice. By counting the number of dots in each region, we can calculate the total amount of rice exported by each region. From the dot map, we can see that region R has the highest number of dots, which corresponds to a total of 8 dots. This means that region R exported 8 x 20,000 = 160,000 tonnes of rice in 2009, which is the highest among all four regions. Therefore, the region that exported the highest tonnes of rice in 2009 is region R.

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The climatic feature that describes the Equatorial climate is "double maxima rainfall regime." This means that there are two rainy seasons in a year, separated by two dry seasons. The Equatorial climate is typically found in regions close to the equator and is characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall throughout the year. This climate is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which is a low-pressure area that moves towards the north and south of the equator with the changing seasons, causing the double maxima rainfall regime.

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The reason that accounts for the low traffic on rivers in Africa is the presence of rapids and waterfalls. Rapids and waterfalls pose obstacles and hazards to navigation and make it difficult and dangerous for boats and ships to travel along the river. As a result, the use of rivers as a transportation network is limited, and other modes of transportation such as roads and railways are preferred. In addition, many rivers in Africa have shallow channels, which further limit their navigability. While fishing is an important activity along many rivers in Africa, it does not account for the low traffic on rivers. Wide valleys and a change of color during rainy seasons are not factors that affect the traffic on rivers in Africa.

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Overpopulation is a situation where the population of an area exceeds the available resources to sustain the population adequately. This means that there are too many people for the resources available such as food, water, and land. It is a state of imbalance where the number of people living in an area is greater than the capacity of that area to support human life. In overpopulated areas, there may be insufficient resources to meet the basic needs of the population, resulting in issues like poverty, malnutrition, and other social problems. Therefore, option (C) is the correct answer.

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The trade liberalization policy of ECOWAS is aimed at promoting economic integration among member states. It is a strategy that involves reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions on the movement of goods and services within the region. The goal is to create a larger, more integrated market that can support increased economic growth, job creation, and overall development. By reducing trade barriers, member states can take advantage of the opportunities created by regional trade, which can lead to increased competition, greater specialization, and ultimately, increased efficiency and productivity. So, the trade liberalization policy of ECOWAS is aimed at promoting economic growth and development through increased regional trade integration.

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The growth of NONSO settlement is probably because it is a nodal town. A nodal town is a town or settlement that serves as a central point of connectivity for surrounding areas, with various transportation routes converging in the town. This means that NONSO settlement serves as a hub for the surrounding areas, providing access to goods and services, transportation, and communication networks. As a result, NONSO has experienced increased economic activity, population growth, and urbanization. While other factors such as location and available resources may have contributed to NONSO's growth, its role as a nodal town is likely the primary reason for its continued development. So, the growth of NONSO settlement is probably due to its position as a nodal town, providing connectivity and access to surrounding areas.

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Block mountains, also known as fault-block mountains, are formed by the uplifting of a section of the Earth's crust along a fault line. As the Earth's tectonic plates move and shift, the rocks on either side of a fault can be pushed up, creating a mountain range. The correct option that best describes the formation of block mountains is the uplifting of crustal block within two parallel faults. When there is tension in the Earth's crust, it can cause two parallel faults to move away from each other, pulling a block of rock upwards in between them. Over time, erosion can wear away the softer rock layers, leaving behind steep-sided mountains or ridges made of harder, more resistant rock formations. Accumulation of materials ejected from within the Earth's crust, solidification of magma within the Earth's crust, and vertical movement of sediments into geosynclines are associated with the formation of other types of mountains, but not block mountains.

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The leading industrial zone in the West African sub-region is the Accra-Tema industrial zone of Ghana. This area is considered the most important industrial center in the region because it is home to many large manufacturing industries, such as textiles, chemicals, food processing, and metal fabrication. The location of the Accra-Tema industrial zone is strategic because it is close to the main port of Ghana, which facilitates the importation of raw materials and exportation of finished goods. Additionally, the Ghanaian government has created policies that encourage the growth of the industrial sector in the country, such as the establishment of export processing zones, which attract foreign investment and increase the competitiveness of Ghana's industries.

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The transport system that is most affected by climatic factors is air transport. This is because air transport is highly dependent on weather conditions such as wind speed and direction, visibility, cloud cover, and turbulence. Bad weather conditions such as storms, heavy rains, fog, or snow can cause flight delays, cancellations, or diversions. In extreme cases, harsh weather conditions can lead to accidents, making air transport the most affected transport system by climatic factors.

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The sharp pillars hanging from the roof of a cavern in limestone regions are called stalactites. They are formed by mineral-rich water dripping from the cave ceiling and leaving behind tiny mineral deposits. Over time, these deposits accumulate and grow downward, forming the long, pointed structures we know as stalactites. So, stalactites are formed from the top down, while their counterpart structures that grow from the cave floor upward are called stalagmites.

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The type of cloud from which thunderstorms and heavy rain are experienced in the Tropics is cumulo-nimbus. Cumulo-nimbus clouds are large, vertical clouds that have a flat, anvil-shaped top. They are formed by strong upward air currents, which cause water droplets and ice crystals to rise and accumulate in the cloud. Cumulo-nimbus clouds are associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain, lightning, and even tornadoes. In the Tropics, cumulo-nimbus clouds are particularly common because the warm, moist air in the region creates ideal conditions for the formation of these clouds. As the warm, moist air rises, it cools and condenses, forming cumulo-nimbus clouds. These clouds can bring heavy rainfall, which can lead to flooding in some areas. Therefore, the type of cloud from which thunderstorms and heavy rain are experienced in the Tropics is cumulo-nimbus.

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The movement of the earth that causes variation in the length of the day and night is the rotation of the Earth. Rotation refers to the spinning motion of the Earth on its axis, which is an imaginary line passing through the North and South Poles. As the Earth rotates, different parts of its surface face towards or away from the sun, resulting in the occurrence of day and night. The Earth takes approximately 24 hours to complete one full rotation on its axis. During this rotation, as a particular region of the Earth faces towards the sun, it experiences daylight, creating daytime. Conversely, when that region faces away from the sun, it enters the shadowed portion, leading to darkness and nighttime. The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the regular cycle of day and night. However, it's important to note that the variation in the length of the day and night is also influenced by other factors such as the tilt of the Earth's axis and its elliptical orbit around the sun, which give rise to seasonal changes. In summary, it is the rotation of the Earth that causes the variation in the length of the day and night. As the Earth rotates, different parts of the planet are exposed to sunlight or shadow, resulting in the alternating periods of day and night that we experience.

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The features described, including layers of ash and cinders alternating with lava, a broad base, and steep convex slopes, are associated with a composite cone. A composite cone, also known as a stratovolcano, is a type of volcano that is built through a combination of explosive eruptions and lava flows. It is composed of alternating layers of volcanic ash, cinders, and solidified lava. These layers are formed as a result of the volcano's eruptions, which can be explosive and produce ash, cinders, and pyroclastic materials, as well as effusive eruptions that release lava flows. The broad base of a composite cone refers to its wide footprint or footprint-like shape at the bottom. The steep convex slopes indicate that the sides of the volcano are steep and curve outward, creating a convex shape. This steepness is a result of the alternating layers of ash, cinders, and lava accumulating over time. Composite cones are often found in subduction zone environments where tectonic plates collide, and one plate is forced beneath the other, creating intense volcanic activity. They are typically tall and cone-shaped, such as the famous Mount Fuji in Japan or Mount St. Helens in the United States. In summary, the described features - layers of ash and cinders alternating with lava, a broad base, and steep convex slopes - are characteristic of a composite cone or stratovolcano.

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The type of mountain that is also called the "mountain of denudation" is the residual mountain. Residual mountains are formed through a geological process known as denudation, which involves the wearing away or removal of the surrounding rocks and sediments by erosion. Over a long period of time, various erosional forces like wind, water, and ice gradually erode the surrounding areas, leaving behind the more resistant rock formations that make up residual mountains. These mountains are typically characterized by steep slopes and rugged terrain. They often have exposed bedrock and showcase the underlying geological structures. Residual mountains can be found in areas where the surrounding landscape has undergone significant erosion, such as plateaus or regions with high rainfall and strong erosional forces. The term "mountain of denudation" highlights the fact that these mountains are primarily formed as a result of the denudation process, where the surrounding rocks and sediments have been stripped away, leaving behind the more resistant remnants that form the mountain peaks and ridges.

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Political instability in the countries is a major hindrance to foreign investment in tropical African countries. This is because political instability creates an uncertain business environment, making it difficult for foreign investors to make long-term plans and investments. Political instability can take many forms, including coups, civil wars, corruption, and unpredictable policy changes. These factors can create significant risks for foreign investors, who may be hesitant to invest in countries where their investments may be subject to expropriation, nationalization, or other forms of political interference. Moreover, political instability can also lead to social unrest, which can disrupt business operations and make it difficult to attract and retain skilled labor. This, in turn, can reduce the competitiveness of local industries and discourage foreign investment. Therefore, political instability is a major factor that must be addressed if tropical African countries are to attract foreign investment and promote economic growth. Countries that can establish stable political environments, enforce the rule of law, and provide a supportive business climate are more likely to attract foreign investment and achieve long-term economic success.

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One of the major problems faced by manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa is the inadequate availability of raw materials. Raw materials are the basic resources required to produce goods. In many cases, manufacturing industries heavily rely on these raw materials to create their products. However, in Tropical Africa, there is often a lack of access to a diverse range of raw materials necessary for various industries. This scarcity can pose significant challenges for manufacturing companies as they may struggle to source the materials they need to produce goods efficiently and competitively. It can lead to increased costs, delays in production, and limited product variety. Therefore, the inadequate availability of raw materials stands as a significant hurdle for manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa.

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