JAMB UTME - History - 2022

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In the pre-colonial era, the most popular system of exchange was the barter system. This system involved the direct exchange of goods and services between people, without the use of money. For example, a farmer could exchange a bushel of wheat for a cow from a herder, or a blacksmith could exchange a tool for some grains from a miller. The barter system was the most popular in the pre-colonial era because it was a simple and practical way for people to exchange goods and services. It did not require any complex financial instruments or systems, and it was easy to understand and implement. Additionally, people often had limited access to coins or paper notes, which were not widely used at that time. While the barter system was effective, it also had some limitations. It was often difficult to find someone who had the exact goods or services that a person wanted to exchange, and it was hard to determine the value of different goods and services relative to each other. Despite these limitations, the barter system remained the most popular means of exchange in the pre-colonial era.

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In 1840, Sayyid Said, who was the Sultan of Oman, transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar. Zanzibar is an island located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, and it was a strategic location for trade and commerce. The move to Zanzibar allowed Sayyid Said to have greater control over the lucrative slave and ivory trades that were prevalent in the region at the time. The capital remained in Zanzibar until the decline of the Omani empire in the late 1800s.

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The Nigerian Second Republic began in the year 1979. It followed a period of military rule after a coup in 1966 and the subsequent Nigerian Civil War, which ended in 1970. In 1979, Nigeria held democratic elections, which marked the beginning of the Second Republic. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who ran on the platform of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN), won the presidential election and was inaugurated as the first executive president of the Second Republic. The Second Republic was characterized by political and economic instability, and it was plagued by corruption and mismanagement. The government's inability to address these issues led to widespread public discontent, which eventually culminated in another military coup in 1983. In summary, the Nigerian Second Republic began in 1979 after democratic elections, with Shehu Shagari as the first elected president. However, it was short-lived, as it was marred by political and economic instability and was cut short by another military coup in 1983.

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The policy of Association was adopted by the French. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, France controlled a number of colonies in Africa. To manage these colonies, the French implemented a policy of "association," which aimed to maintain a form of indirect rule by working with existing African social and political structures. Under this policy, local African leaders were allowed to maintain some autonomy and were encouraged to participate in the colonial administration. However, ultimate power remained in the hands of the French colonial authorities. The policy of association was part of the larger French colonial system known as "la mission civilisatrice," or the "civilizing mission," which was the French justification for their colonization of Africa. The policy of association was different from the British policy of direct rule, in which the British appointed their own officials to govern their colonies, often disregarding existing social and political structures.

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The Census crisis in Nigeria occurred in 1963. The crisis was a result of disputes over the accuracy of the population figures reported during the census exercise. The federal government of Nigeria at the time had proposed a nationwide census exercise to determine the population of each region and to aid in the distribution of resources and political power. However, the census exercise was marred by allegations of fraud, malpractice, and manipulation of data by regional officials who sought to inflate the population figures of their respective regions in order to gain political advantage. This led to protests and violence in some parts of the country, and the crisis ultimately contributed to the political instability that led to the first military coup in Nigeria in 1966.

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The person who moved the motion for Nigeria's independence was Anthony Enahoro. He was a Nigerian statesman and politician who played a key role in the struggle for Nigeria's independence from British colonial rule. In 1953, as a member of the Western House of Assembly, Enahoro moved a motion for Nigeria's independence, which was seconded by another politician, Joseph Wayas. The motion called for Nigeria to be granted self-government and independence from British colonial rule in 1956, but it was later amended to call for independence by 1960. Although Enahoro's motion was not immediately successful, it helped to raise awareness of the need for Nigeria's independence and paved the way for future efforts to achieve it. In 1960, Nigeria finally gained its independence from Britain, with Nnamdi Azikiwe becoming the country's first president.

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The Republic of Benin was formerly known as Dahomey. Benin is a country located in West Africa. It gained independence from France in 1960 and was initially named the Republic of Dahomey. However, in 1975, the country changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin, and later in 1991, to simply the Republic of Benin. The name "Dahomey" has its roots in the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was a powerful West African state that existed from the 17th to the late 19th century. The kingdom was located in what is now modern-day Benin, and its influence and legacy have had a lasting impact on the region and its people. In short, the Republic of Benin was formerly known as Dahomey, a name that reflects its rich history and cultural heritage.

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Nnamdi Azikiwe's West African Pilot was established in 1937. Nnamdi Azikiwe was a Nigerian statesman and journalist who played a leading role in the country's fight for independence from British colonial rule. In 1937, he established a newspaper called the West African Pilot, which became one of the leading newspapers in Nigeria and was used as a platform to advocate for independence and social and political change. The newspaper was an important source of information and analysis for people in Nigeria and West Africa, and helped to shape public opinion on a range of important issues.

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Ismail Pasha was removed as the Khedive of Egypt at the behest of Great Britain in 1879. Ismail Pasha was the ruler of Egypt during a time of great change and modernization in the country. He implemented many reforms and infrastructure projects, but his lavish spending and mounting debts led to financial crisis. In order to protect their investments in Egypt, Great Britain and other European powers demanded that Ismail Pasha be removed from power. In 1879, Ismail Pasha was forced to abdicate and was succeeded by his son Tewfik Pasha. This event marked the beginning of British influence over Egypt, which continued until the country gained independence in 1952.

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Usman Dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria. He was a West African religious and political leader who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He led a successful jihad, or holy war, against the Hausa states in northern Nigeria, and established the Sokoto Caliphate, which became one of the largest and most influential Islamic states in Africa. The caliphate lasted for over 50 years, until it was colonized by the British in 1903.

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NYM (Nigerian Youth Movement) evolved from LYM (Lagos Youth Movement). The LYM was formed in 1931 in Lagos by a group of educated young Nigerians who were concerned about the political and social situation in Nigeria under British colonial rule. The LYM aimed to mobilize and empower young Nigerians to participate in the political process and to fight for the rights and interests of Nigerians. In 1934, the LYM was renamed the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) and expanded its membership and activities beyond Lagos to other parts of Nigeria. The NYM became a leading nationalist organization in Nigeria, advocating for greater political representation and self-determination for Nigerians. Therefore, the answer is LYM (Lagos Youth Movement).

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The Madhist War began in 1881. It was a conflict between the Mahdist forces and the British-Egyptian army in Sudan. The Mahdists were followers of a religious leader, Muhammad Ahmad, who had proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or the messiah. In 1881, he led a successful uprising against the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation of Sudan, which led to the establishment of an Islamic state in Sudan. The Mahdists, under the leadership of the Mahdi, then began to expand their influence and control over other parts of Sudan. The British-Egyptian army, which had a presence in Sudan, then launched a series of military expeditions against the Mahdist forces, leading to the outbreak of the Madhist War in 1881. The war lasted for over a decade and involved several battles and campaigns, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The war finally ended in 1899, with the British-Egyptian army emerging victorious and re-establishing their control over Sudan.

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The first British consul in Nigeria was John Beecroft. He was appointed as the British consul in what was then known as the Bights of Benin and Biafra in 1849. Beecroft was tasked with promoting British trade in the region, as well as suppressing the slave trade, which was still prevalent at the time. He established good relations with the local rulers and was able to negotiate treaties with them that enabled the British to establish trading posts and factories. Beecroft's work paved the way for the later British colonial administration in Nigeria, which ultimately led to Nigeria's independence in 1960.

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The Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century. The trade involved the exchange of goods between West and North Africa, passing through the Sahara desert. Goods such as gold, ivory, salt, and slaves were traded along the routes. The trade was made possible by the domestication of camels, which made it easier to transport goods across the vast expanse of the Sahara desert. The trade routes stretched from the southern edge of the Sahara to the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and beyond. The trade was an important source of wealth and cultural exchange for the people of West and North Africa. It also helped to spread Islam across the region, as Muslim merchants and scholars travelled along the trade routes. In summary, the Trans-Saharan trade started in the 8th century, and it played a significant role in the economic and cultural development of West and North Africa.

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Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the father of nationalism in Nigeria. He was a political activist and one of the founding fathers of Nigerian nationalism, who played a key role in the struggle for Nigeria's independence from British colonial rule. Macaulay was a strong advocate for self-rule and a believer in the idea that Nigeria should be governed by Nigerians. He founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923, which became the first political party in Nigeria. The party's aim was to promote the interest of the Nigerian people and to agitate for self-rule. Macaulay was also a prolific writer and used his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News, as a platform to advocate for Nigerian self-rule. He was imprisoned several times for his political activities and suffered various forms of persecution at the hands of the colonial authorities. Macaulay's tireless efforts paved the way for subsequent nationalists such as Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo, who continued the struggle for Nigeria's independence. Thus, while others also played important roles in Nigeria's nationalist movement, it is generally agreed that Herbert Macaulay was the pioneer and father of Nigerian nationalism.

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The Great Trek happened in South Africa. The Great Trek was a historical event that occurred in the early 1800s in South Africa when groups of Dutch-speaking farmers, known as Boers, migrated from the British Cape Colony to the interior of the country in search of land and independence from British colonial rule. The Boers were unhappy with British attempts to abolish slavery and introduce English language and culture in the Cape Colony. As a result, they decided to move into the interior of South Africa, where they believed they could establish their own independent republics. The Great Trek was a significant event in South African history because it led to the establishment of several independent Boer republics, such as the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, which later became the Union of South Africa. The migration also resulted in conflicts with the indigenous people, such as the Zulus, and other groups who were already living in the interior. These conflicts, which included the Battle of Blood River, contributed to the shaping of South African society and the relations between different groups in the country.

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General Sani Abacha was a military ruler who served as the head of state of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. During his regime, he did create some new states in Nigeria, but the exact number is disputed. Some sources say that he created 6 new states, while others say 7 or even 9. However, it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states, which are: 1. Ebonyi State 2. Bayelsa State 3. Gombe State 4. Nasarawa State 5. Zamfara State 6. Ekiti State In summary, the exact number of states created by General Sani Abacha is not clear, but it is generally accepted that he created at least 6 new states.

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The longest war in Yoruba land lasted 16 years. The Yoruba people are an ethnic group native to Nigeria, and their history is marked by periods of inter-city conflict and warfare. The longest of these wars was fought between the city-states of Ife and Modakeke and lasted for 16 years. The conflict was sparked by disputes over land and resources, and it involved several battles and skirmishes before it was finally resolved through negotiations and the intervention of outside mediators. Today, the Yoruba people have largely put aside their differences and come together as a unified cultural group, with a shared history and rich traditions.

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Nigeria was birthed in the year 1914. Before 1914, the area now known as Nigeria was divided into various British protectorates and colonies, such as Lagos Colony and the Southern and Northern Protectorates. In 1914, these different territories were amalgamated to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, under the administration of a single governor-general. This amalgamation marked the beginning of a united Nigeria, although the country did not gain full independence until 1960. Therefore, the year 1914 is considered the birth year of Nigeria as a single entity, and it is celebrated as the country's national day.

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The first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in the year 1914. Amalgamation refers to the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into a single entity. In the case of Nigeria, it refers to the merger of the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria by the British colonial government. Before 1914, the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria were two separate territories with distinct cultures, economies, and governance structures. However, the British government recognized the potential benefits of uniting these territories into a single administrative unit, such as increased efficiency in governance, enhanced economic development, and easier management of the colonial territory. After several years of negotiations, the British colonial government finally merged the two protectorates in 1914, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The amalgamation marked the beginning of a new era in Nigeria's history, with far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences that are still felt today. Overall, the first amalgamation in Nigeria happened in 1914 when the Northern and Southern Protectorates were merged into a single entity by the British colonial government.

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After the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856, the Asian section of the empire was ruled by Thuwaini bin Said. Thuwaini bin Said was the younger brother of Said bin Sultan and became the Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar after his brother's death. He ruled the Asian section of the empire from Muscat and was known for his military campaigns and expansion of the Omani empire. During his reign, he successfully fought against rebellions and extended Omani influence to parts of modern-day Pakistan, Iran, and East Africa. He also modernized the administration and infrastructure of the empire, which helped to strengthen its economy and political stability. Overall, Thuwaini bin Said was a significant figure in Omani history and played a vital role in the development and expansion of the empire.

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Lagos was annexed by the British in 1861. Lagos was a city-state in what is now Nigeria, and it was an important center of trade and commerce in West Africa. In 1861, the British declared Lagos a British protectorate, which meant that the city came under British control and was no longer an independent state. The annexation of Lagos marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Nigeria, and it had a significant impact on the political, economic, and social development of the region.

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General Muhammadu Buhari's regime was overthrown by General Ibrahim Babangida. This happened in Nigeria in 1985, when Babangida staged a military coup and took control of the government. Buhari, who was then the head of state, was removed from power and held under house arrest for several years. Babangida ruled Nigeria as a military dictator until August 1993, when he was forced to step down following widespread protests and calls for a return to democratic rule.

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The head of the Zulus at the time of the Mfecane war was Shaka. Shaka was a powerful leader who rose to power in the early 19th century and established the Zulu kingdom in southern Africa. He was known for his military tactics, which were innovative for the time and allowed him to conquer many neighboring tribes and establish the Zulu kingdom as a dominant power in the region. The Mfecane war, which took place between 1815 and 1840, was a period of intense conflict and migration in southern Africa, largely caused by Shaka's expansion of the Zulu kingdom.

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The Nguni people are originally from South Africa. The Nguni people are a group of related ethnic communities who share a common cultural and linguistic heritage. They are native to the southeastern regions of South Africa and are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country. The Nguni people have a rich cultural heritage, including unique traditions, customs, and beliefs, that have been passed down through generations. Today, the Nguni people continue to play a significant role in South African society and culture.

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The Nigerian civil war, also known as the Biafran war, lasted for 30 months. The war was fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra, which was located in the southeast of Nigeria. The war began on July 6, 1967, when Biafra declared its independence from Nigeria, and it ended on January 15, 1970, when Biafran forces surrendered to the Nigerian government. The war was a result of ethnic tensions and political disagreements between the Igbo people, who dominated the southeast, and other ethnic groups in Nigeria. The conflict was characterized by a blockade of Biafra, which caused widespread famine and led to the deaths of many people. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "30."

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Christianity started in Sierra Leone in the late 1700s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries and European traders. It's believed that the first Christian missionaries arrived in Sierra Leone in the 1790s. Since then, Christianity has become one of the dominant religions in the country, with a significant portion of the population identifying as Christian.

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The Coussey Commission Report laid the groundwork for the eventual independence of Ghana. In 1948, there were protests in the then Gold Coast (now Ghana) against British colonial rule, which led to a series of political developments that ultimately resulted in the formation of the Coussey Committee. The committee was tasked with determining the political future of the Gold Coast and making recommendations for its constitutional development. The Coussey Committee recommended that a new constitution be drafted for the Gold Coast, which would provide for a more democratic form of government and greater local autonomy. The recommendations were largely accepted by the British government and the new constitution was enacted in 1951. The new constitution established a legislative council with an African majority, paving the way for increased African representation in government. This, along with other political developments, eventually led to the Gold Coast gaining independence from Britain in 1957 and becoming the first sub-Saharan African country to do so.

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The king of Nupe is called the Etsu Nupe. "Etsu" means "ruler" in the Nupe language, and the Etsu Nupe is the traditional leader of the Nupe people, who are predominantly found in Nigeria's Niger State. The Etsu Nupe is responsible for maintaining the customs and traditions of the Nupe people, as well as serving as a spiritual and cultural leader. The Etsu Nupe is also involved in governance and decision-making, particularly in matters concerning the Nupe kingdom. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Etsu Nupe."

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The person who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria was Lord Lugard. Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British during their colonial rule of Nigeria, where traditional rulers were used as intermediaries between the colonial government and the local people. Lord Lugard was a British colonial administrator who served as the first Governor-General of both the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919. He introduced indirect rule as a way to govern the diverse peoples of Nigeria without the need for a large and expensive administrative bureaucracy. The traditional rulers were given the authority to maintain law and order, collect taxes and administer justice, with the British colonial officials providing oversight and support. Therefore, out of the options given, the correct answer is "Lord Lugard."

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The first coup in Nigeria was led by a group of military officers, with Major Chukwuma Nzeogu as the most prominent among them. The coup took place on January 15, 1966, and overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. The coup was largely driven by a desire among some military officers to end corruption, tribalism, and political instability in Nigeria. The coup was also motivated by a sense of dissatisfaction among some younger officers who felt that their senior colleagues were blocking their opportunities for advancement. After the coup, Major Nzeogu declared a new government, the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), and installed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as the new Head of State. However, the Ironsi-led government was short-lived, as it was overthrown in a counter-coup on July 29, 1966, led by northern officers who were unhappy with the dominance of the Igbo ethnic group in the military and the government. The first coup in Nigeria had significant and long-lasting implications for the country, including several years of military rule, ethnic tensions, and a series of further coups and counter-coups that destabilized the country's politics for decades.

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The economic reforms of Theodore II of Ethiopia involved the improvement of agriculture, reorganization of the fiscal system, and revival of external trade. Theodore II was a prominent figure in Ethiopian history who ruled from 1855 to 1868. During his reign, he implemented several economic reforms to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the living conditions of his people. One of the key areas he focused on was agriculture, which he saw as a crucial source of revenue for the empire. He introduced modern farming techniques and encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and cotton, which helped to boost agricultural productivity and income. Theodore II also reorganized the fiscal system to make it more efficient and transparent. He introduced a new tax system that was fairer and more consistent, and established a central treasury to manage government revenue. This helped to reduce corruption and waste in the administration of public finances. Furthermore, Theodore II revitalized external trade by opening up new trade routes and establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers. He negotiated new trade agreements with European countries and encouraged foreign investment in Ethiopia. This helped to expand the Ethiopian economy and create new opportunities for trade and commerce. In summary, Theodore II's economic reforms focused on improving agriculture, reorganizing the fiscal system, and reviving external trade. These reforms helped to modernize the Ethiopian economy and improve the welfare of his people.