JAMB UTME - Islamic Religious Studies - 2025

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Ayatul Kursi (the Verse of the Throne) is found in Surah Al-Baqarah. It is specifically verse 255 of the second chapter of the Qur'an. Ayatul Kursi is one of the most well-known and frequently recited verses in the Qur'an, and it is considered the greatest verse in the entire Qur'an according to an authentic hadith narrated by Ubayy ibn Ka'b.

The verse describes Allah's absolute sovereignty, power, and knowledge. It begins with "Allahu la ilaha illa Huwa, Al-Hayyul-Qayyum" (Allah - there is no deity except Him, the Ever-Living, the Self-Sustaining). It affirms that Allah's Kursi (Throne/Footstool) extends over the heavens and the earth, and that preserving them does not tire Him. The verse encapsulates core aspects of Tawhid (the oneness of Allah).

Surah Al-Baqarah is the longest surah in the Qur'an with 286 verses. The other surahs listed - Al-Nisa (Chapter 4), Al-Imran (Chapter 3), and Al-Tawbah (Chapter 9) - do not contain Ayatul Kursi, although they each contain important verses on other aspects of Islamic law and belief.

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The prayer offered just after sunset is Maghrib. Its name comes from the Arabic word "gharb" (west/setting), referring to the setting of the sun. Maghrib is the fourth of the five daily obligatory prayers and consists of three units (rak'at). Its time begins immediately after the sun sets below the horizon and lasts until the red twilight (shafaq) disappears from the sky.

The other prayers are performed at different times of day:

• Fajr is the dawn prayer, performed before sunrise.
• Asr is the afternoon prayer, performed in the mid-to-late afternoon when the shadow of an object equals its length (or double its length, according to some schools).
• Isha is the night prayer, performed after the twilight has completely disappeared, which is later than sunset - not immediately after it.

Maghrib has the shortest window of any of the five prayers. Because it must be prayed promptly after sunset, the Prophet (peace be upon him) advised Muslims not to delay it.

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Sumayyah bint Khayyat is recognised as the first martyr (shahidah) in Islam. She was the mother of Ammar ibn Yasir and the wife of Yasir ibn Amir. The family were among the earliest converts to Islam in Makkah and suffered severe persecution by the Quraysh, particularly by Abu Jahl.

Sumayyah refused to renounce her faith despite prolonged torture. Abu Jahl ultimately killed her by stabbing her with a spear, making her the first person - male or female - to give her life for Islam. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) would pass by the family while they were being tortured and offer them comfort, saying: "Patience, O family of Yasir, for your appointment is in Paradise."

Her husband Yasir also died under torture shortly after her, becoming the first male martyr. Their son Ammar survived and became a prominent companion of the Prophet. While Bilal ibn Rabah endured extreme torture (being placed on hot sand with heavy stones on his chest), he survived his persecution. Khabbab ibn al-Aratt also suffered greatly but was not the first to die for the faith. Sumayyah's martyrdom holds a special place in Islamic history as a symbol of unwavering faith.

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In Islamic tradition, the wife of Pharaoh (Fir'awn) who believed in Allah is Asiyah bint Muzahim. She is one of the four women identified in hadith as having attained perfection of faith. The Qur'an references her in Surah At-Tahrim (66:11), where Allah presents her as an example for the believers: she prayed to Allah to build her a house in Paradise and to save her from Pharaoh and his deeds.

Asiyah's faith is remarkable because she believed despite living in the household of one of the most tyrannical rulers mentioned in the Qur'an. When she witnessed the miracles of Prophet Musa (AS) and recognised the truth of his message, she accepted faith in Allah, even though it put her life in danger.

The other women listed are important figures in Islamic history but are not the wife of Pharaoh. Sarah was the wife of Prophet Ibrahim (AS). Hajar was also a wife of Ibrahim (AS) and the mother of Isma'il (AS). Maryam (Mary) was the mother of Prophet Isa (AS), not married to Pharaoh.

Exam tip: Remember that Asiyah is specifically associated with Pharaoh, while the other women are connected to different prophets.

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Adam is the first human being created by Allah. The Qur'an describes his creation from clay (tin) in several surahs, including Al-Baqarah (2:30-34), Al-Hijr (15:26-29), and Sad (38:71-72). After shaping Adam from clay, Allah breathed His spirit into him and commanded the angels to prostrate before him.

Adam holds the unique distinction of being both the first human and the first prophet in Islam. He was placed in Paradise along with his wife Hawwa (Eve) and was later sent down to earth after eating from the forbidden tree.

The other prophets listed came much later in the chain of prophethood. Idris is traditionally regarded as one of the earliest prophets after Adam, but not the first human. Nuh (Noah) came generations after Adam and is known for the great flood. Musa (Moses) came still later, sent to the Children of Israel in Egypt.

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The Prophet who received the Zabur (Psalms) was Dawud (David, AS). This is stated in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Isra (17:55): "And your Lord is most knowing of whoever is in the heavens and the earth. And We have made some of the prophets exceed others [in favour], and to Dawud We gave the Zabur." The same is confirmed in Surah An-Nisa (4:163).

The Zabur is one of the four major divine scriptures in Islam. It consisted primarily of hymns, praises, supplications, and words of wisdom revealed to Dawud (AS). Dawud was known for his exceptionally beautiful voice, and when he recited the Zabur, the mountains and birds would join him in glorifying Allah, as described in Surah Saba (34:10) and Surah Sad (38:18-19).

Each of the four major scriptures was given to a specific prophet:

• Tawrat (Torah) - revealed to Musa (AS)
• Zabur (Psalms) - revealed to Dawud (AS)
• Injil (Gospel) - revealed to Isa (AS)
• Qur'an - revealed to Muhammad (SAW)

Ibrahim (AS) received Suhuf (scrolls) rather than one of the four major books.

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The Qur'an was revealed over a period of 23 years, from 610 CE to 632 CE. The revelation began when Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was 40 years old, in the Cave of Hira on Mount Nur near Makkah, and continued until shortly before his death at the age of 63.

This 23-year period is traditionally divided into two phases. The Makkan period (approximately 13 years, 610-622 CE) focused primarily on matters of faith (aqidah), the oneness of Allah (Tawhid), stories of previous prophets, and moral teachings. The Madinan period (approximately 10 years, 622-632 CE) addressed social legislation, family law, economic regulations, and matters of governance for the growing Muslim community.

The gradual revelation served important purposes: it allowed Muslims to absorb and implement the teachings progressively, provided timely responses to events and questions as they arose, and made memorisation easier. This gradual method of revelation is known as tanzil (sending down in stages), as distinguished from a one-time delivery.

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The phrase "La ilaha illa Allah" translates to "There is no deity except Allah." This declaration is the first half of the Shahadah (the Islamic declaration of faith), which is the first pillar of Islam. It affirms the concept of Tawhid - the absolute oneness and uniqueness of Allah as the only deity worthy of worship.

Breaking down the phrase: "La" means "no" or "there is not," "ilaha" means "deity" or "god," "illa" means "except" or "but," and "Allah" is the proper name of God in Islam. Together, the phrase negates all false objects of worship and affirms that only Allah deserves worship.

The other options describe different concepts. "Muhammad is the Messenger" (Muhammadur Rasulullah) is the second half of the Shahadah, not the first. "There are many gods" directly contradicts the meaning of the phrase, which explicitly denies the existence of any deity besides Allah. "Allah is the greatest" (Allahu Akbar) is the Takbir, a separate declaration used in prayer and other contexts.

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The Surah referred to as the "Heart of the Qur'an" is Surah Yasin (Chapter 36). This designation comes from a hadith attributed to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW): "Everything has a heart, and the heart of the Qur'an is Yasin" (reported by Tirmidhi and others, though scholars have discussed its chain of narration).

Surah Yasin contains 83 verses and covers several core themes of Islamic belief: the truth of prophethood and revelation, the signs of Allah's creative power in nature, the reality of death and resurrection, and the certainty of the Day of Judgement. It presents parables and arguments that reinforce the central messages of the entire Qur'an, which is one reason scholars explain why it is called its "heart" - it encapsulates the essence of the Qur'an's message in a concentrated form.

Surah Yasin is widely recited by Muslims, especially for the sick and dying, and is considered to bring blessings and mercy.

The other surahs listed serve different purposes: Al-Rahman (Chapter 55) is known as the "Bride of the Qur'an" and repeatedly asks "Which of the favours of your Lord will you deny?" Al-Naba (Chapter 78) deals with the Day of Resurrection. Al-Mulk (Chapter 67) discusses Allah's sovereignty and is known for its protective virtue in the grave.

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Prophet Sulaiman (Solomon, peace be upon him) was the Prophet uniquely gifted by Allah with the ability to command and control the jinn. The Qur'an describes this in several passages, notably in Surah Al-Naml (27:17) where it states that Sulaiman's forces were assembled from among the jinn, humans, and birds, all marshalled in orderly ranks. Surah Saba (34:12-13) further describes how the jinn worked under Sulaiman's command, building palaces, statues, large basins, and fixed cooking pots.

Sulaiman's dominion over the jinn was part of a broader set of extraordinary gifts from Allah. He could understand the speech of birds and animals, had command over the wind, and possessed vast wisdom and kingdom. He prayed to Allah in Surah Sad (38:35): "My Lord, forgive me and grant me a kingdom such as will not belong to anyone after me."

The other Prophets were associated with different roles: Ibrahim (Abraham) with the establishment of monotheism and the rebuilding of the Ka'bah, Isa (Jesus) with healing miracles, and Musa (Moses) with the deliverance of the Israelites from Pharaoh.

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The angel who brought revelations to Prophet Muhammad (SAW) is Jibril (Gabriel, AS). Jibril is the most prominent of all angels in Islamic belief and holds the title Ruh al-Qudus (the Holy Spirit) and Ruh al-Amin (the Trustworthy Spirit). His primary role is to serve as the intermediary between Allah and His prophets, delivering divine revelation (wahy).

The Qur'an confirms Jibril's role explicitly in Surah Ash-Shu'ara (26:193-194): "The Trustworthy Spirit (Ruh al-Amin) has brought it down upon your heart, that you may be of the warners." Surah Al-Baqarah (2:97) further states: "Say, whoever is an enemy to Jibril - it is he who has brought the Qur'an down upon your heart by permission of Allah."

The other angels serve different functions: Malik is the guardian angel of Hellfire (Jahannam), mentioned by name in Surah Az-Zukhruf (43:77). Israfil is tasked with blowing the trumpet to announce the Day of Judgement. Mikail (Michael) is responsible for overseeing provisions and natural phenomena such as rain and vegetation.

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The longest ayah (verse) in the Qur'an is found in Surah Al-Baqarah. It is verse 282, commonly known as Ayat ad-Dayn (the Verse of Debt/Financial Transaction). This single verse spans approximately one full page of the standard Mushaf and deals comprehensively with the rules governing financial transactions, debts, and contracts.

Ayah 282 of Surah Al-Baqarah instructs believers to write down their debts and financial obligations, to have witnesses present, and provides detailed guidance on the proper way to document such agreements. It covers the appointment of a scribe, the number and type of witnesses required, and the circumstances under which documentation may be exempted (such as immediate hand-to-hand trade).

Surah Al-Baqarah is also the longest surah in the Qur'an, with 286 verses. It contains several other notable passages including Ayatul Kursi (verse 255) and the final two verses that are recommended for recitation before sleep.

The other surahs listed - Al-Tawbah (Chapter 9), Al-Imran (Chapter 3), and Al-Nisa (Chapter 4) - all contain lengthy verses, but none surpasses verse 282 of Al-Baqarah in length.

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The tribe of Quraysh is mentioned in the surah that bears their name: Surah Quraysh (Chapter 106). This is a short surah of four verses that specifically addresses the Quraysh tribe and their blessings from Allah.

Surah Quraysh reads: "For the accustomed security of the Quraysh - Their accustomed security [in] the caravan of winter and summer - Let them worship the Lord of this House, Who has fed them, [saving them] from hunger and made them safe, [saving them] from fear" (106:1-4). The surah reminds the Quraysh of the favours Allah bestowed upon them, particularly their safe trade caravans that travelled to Yemen in winter and to Syria (Ash-Sham) in summer, and calls them to worship the Lord of the Ka'bah in gratitude.

The Quraysh were the dominant tribe in Makkah and the custodians of the Ka'bah. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) himself belonged to the Quraysh tribe, specifically the clan of Banu Hashim.

Surah Al-Fil (Chapter 105) is closely related as it describes the destruction of the army of Abraha who tried to destroy the Ka'bah, but it does not name the Quraysh. Al-Asr (Chapter 103) deals with the concept of time and loss. Al-Kauthar (Chapter 108) speaks of the abundance given to the Prophet.

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The well near which Hajar (Hagar) found water is Zamzam. This is one of the most well-known events in Islamic history and is directly connected to the rituals of Hajj and Umrah.

According to Islamic tradition, Prophet Ibrahim (AS) left his wife Hajar and their infant son Isma'il in the barren, uninhabited valley of Makkah by Allah's command. When their water supply ran out, the baby Isma'il began to cry from thirst. Hajar desperately ran between the two hills of Safa and Marwa seven times, searching for water or help. This act of running between the two hills is commemorated in the Hajj and Umrah ritual known as Sa'i.

After her seventh trip, the angel Jibril (AS) struck the ground near Isma'il (or the baby kicked the ground, in some narrations), and water miraculously gushed forth. This spring became known as the Well of Zamzam. Hajar contained the flow and the water has continued to flow ever since, making the location of Makkah habitable and eventually leading to the settlement of Arab tribes in the area.

The other options are names associated with water in Islamic tradition but are not the well of Hajar: Kawthar is a river in Paradise mentioned in Surah Al-Kawthar (108:1). Salsabil and Tasnim are both names of springs in Paradise, mentioned in Surah Al-Insan (76:18) and Surah Al-Mutaffifin (83:27) respectively.

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The first revealed verses of the Qur'an were in Surah Al-'Alaq (Chapter 96), also known as Surah Iqra'. The first five verses of this surah were the very first words of the Qur'an to be revealed to Prophet Muhammad (SAW) through the angel Jibril (AS) in the Cave of Hira on Mount Nur, near Makkah, in approximately 610 CE.

These opening verses are: "Recite in the name of your Lord who created. Created man from a clinging substance ('alaq). Recite, and your Lord is the most Generous. Who taught by the pen. Taught man that which he knew not" (Qur'an 96:1-5). The word 'alaq in the surah's name refers to the clinging clot or clinging substance from which the human being is created, and gives the surah its name.

The event of this first revelation marks the beginning of Prophet Muhammad's prophethood and the start of the 23-year period during which the entire Qur'an was gradually revealed.

The other surahs listed are all short surahs found near the end of the Qur'an: Al-Kawthar (Chapter 108) is about the abundance granted to the Prophet. Al-Falaq (Chapter 113) and Al-Nas (Chapter 114) are the two protective surahs (Al-Mu'awwidhatayn) seeking refuge in Allah. None of these were the first to be revealed.

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Some of Musa's people who violated the Sabbath were transformed into apes, as recorded in Qur'an 2:65: "Be you apes, despised."

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The blowing of the trumpet (As-Sur) will be performed by the angel Israfil. This is a well-established belief in Islamic eschatology. Israfil is specifically assigned the duty of blowing the trumpet to signal the end of the world and the beginning of the Day of Judgement (Yawm al-Qiyamah).

According to Islamic teaching, there will be two blows of the trumpet. The first blow will cause all living creatures in the heavens and on earth to fall unconscious and die (except those whom Allah wills to spare), as referenced in Surah Az-Zumar (39:68). The second blow will resurrect all of creation for judgement before Allah.

Each of the other angels mentioned has a distinct role: Mikail (Michael) is responsible for managing provisions, sustenance, and natural phenomena like rainfall. Malik is the angel appointed as the guardian and keeper of Hellfire, as mentioned in Surah Az-Zukhruf (43:77). Jibril (Gabriel) is the angel of revelation, responsible for delivering Allah's messages to the prophets.

Exam tip: Associate each major angel with a single key role - Jibril with revelation, Mikail with provisions, Israfil with the trumpet, and Malik with Hellfire.

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Prophet Isa (Jesus, peace be upon him) is the Prophet known in the Qur'an for performing healing miracles by Allah's permission. The Qur'an describes these miracles in Surah Al-Imran (3:49), where Isa declares: "I cure the blind and the leper, and I give life to the dead, by Allah's permission." This verse makes clear that these healings were not from Isa's own power but were miracles granted to him by Allah as signs of his prophethood.

Isa's miracles also included speaking from the cradle as an infant, fashioning a bird from clay and breathing life into it by Allah's permission, and informing people of what they ate and stored in their homes. These extraordinary signs were given to him to confirm his message to the Children of Israel.

The other Prophets were associated with different miracles and roles. Sulaiman (Solomon) was given dominion over the jinn, wind, and animals. Musa (Moses) was given the staff that transformed into a serpent and the ability to part the sea. Dawud (David) was given the Psalms (Zabur), a powerful voice, and the ability to soften iron.

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The event of Mi'raj (the Prophet Muhammad's ascension through the heavens) is referenced in Surah Al-Najm (The Star, Surah 53). Verses 53:13-18 describe the second encounter during which the Prophet saw Jibril (Gabriel) in his true form near Sidrat al-Muntaha (the Lote Tree of the Utmost Boundary), and witnessed the signs of Allah in the highest heavens.

It is important to distinguish the Mi'raj from the Isra. The Isra (the night journey from Makkah to Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem) is referenced in Surah Al-Isra (17:1). The Mi'raj (the ascension from Jerusalem through the seven heavens) is described in Surah Al-Najm. Since the question specifically asks about the Mi'raj, Al-Najm is the correct answer.

The other surahs listed are unrelated to this event: Al-Ma'un (Surah 107) discusses small acts of kindness and neglect of prayer; Al-Baqarah (Surah 2) covers broad themes of guidance and law; and Al-Nur (Surah 24) deals primarily with social conduct and modesty.

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The main theme of Surah Al-Ikhlas (Chapter 112) is the oneness of Allah (Tawhid). The surah's very name, Al-Ikhlas, means "Sincerity" or "Purity of Faith," and its four concise verses provide the most concentrated statement of Islamic monotheism in the entire Qur'an:

1. "Qul huwa Allahu ahad" - Say: He is Allah, the One.
2. "Allahu as-samad" - Allah, the Eternal Refuge (the Self-Sufficient).
3. "Lam yalid wa lam yulad" - He neither begets nor is born.
4. "Wa lam yakun lahu kufuwan ahad" - Nor is there any equivalent to Him.

The Prophet (peace be upon him) said that this surah is equivalent to one-third of the Qur'an because it encapsulates the entire concept of Allah's nature and oneness, which is the foundational belief of Islam. The surah negates any form of polytheism, partnership with Allah, or attribution of human qualities such as having children or parents to Allah.

The other options are unrelated to this surah. Inheritance rules are found primarily in Surah Al-Nisa. The punishment of the grave is discussed in hadith literature. The birth of the Prophet is not a Qur'anic theme.

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Verse 49:13 of the Qur'an (Surah Al-Hujurat) is the foundational verse on the equality of all human beings in Islam. It states: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you."

This verse establishes several key principles:

• All human beings share a common origin (created from a single male and female).
• Ethnic, racial, and tribal differences exist for mutual recognition and cooperation, not for superiority or discrimination.
• The only valid basis for distinction in the sight of Allah is taqwa (righteousness and God-consciousness), not lineage, wealth, colour, or social status.

The other verses address different topics: 5:3 (Surah Al-Ma'idah) discusses the completion and perfection of the religion of Islam; 4:59 (Surah An-Nisa) commands obedience to Allah, the Messenger, and those in authority; and 24:2 (Surah An-Nur) prescribes the punishment for unlawful sexual relations.

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Surah Al-Imran refers to the family of 'Imran, which includes Maryam (mother of Isa), as seen in Qur'an 3:33: "Indeed, Allah chose
Adam, Noah, the family of Abraham and the family of 'Imran."

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The Qur'an was first revealed on Laylat al-Qadr, meaning "The Night of Power" or "The Night of Decree." This is confirmed in the Qur'an itself: Surah Al-Qadr (97:1) states, "Indeed, We sent it [the Qur'an] down during the Night of Decree." Similarly, Surah Al-Dukhan (44:3) states, "Indeed, We sent it down during a blessed night."

Laylat al-Qadr occurs during the last ten nights of Ramadan, and the Qur'an describes it as "better than a thousand months" (97:3), meaning worship on this single night is more valuable than worship over a thousand months. The Prophet (peace be upon him) encouraged Muslims to seek it in the odd-numbered nights of the last ten days of Ramadan.

The other nights have different significance. Laylat al-Miraj is the night of the Prophet's ascension to the heavens, during which the five daily prayers were prescribed. Laylat al-Tahajjud is not a specific historical night but refers to the time of voluntary night prayers. Laylat al-Bara'ah (the Night of Salvation) is observed in the middle of the month of Sha'ban and is associated with forgiveness.

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The people of 'Ad were an ancient Arabian tribe to whom Allah sent Prophet Hud (AS). They were known for their great physical strength and impressive architecture, but they rejected Hud's message and persisted in idol worship and arrogance.

According to the Qur'an (Surah Al-Haqqah, 69:6-7 and Surah Al-Qamar, 54:19-20), Allah destroyed the people of 'Ad by sending upon them a furious, violent wind (described as rih sarsar) that raged for seven nights and eight days continuously. This devastating storm uprooted them and left them lying destroyed like hollow trunks of palm trees. Surah Fussilat (41:16) also describes the punishment as a screaming wind sent during days of misfortune.

The other options describe punishments associated with different peoples: drowning was the punishment of the people of Nuh (AS) through the great flood. Fire (combined with brimstone) was associated with the people of Lut (AS). Earthquake was the punishment of the people of Thamud (the followers of Prophet Salih) and the people of Madyan (the followers of Prophet Shu'ayb).

Exam tip: Match each destroyed nation with its specific punishment - 'Ad with storm/wind, Thamud with earthquake/thunderbolt, people of Nuh with flood, people of Lut with overturned cities and stones.

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Caliph Uthman standardised and compiled the Qur'an (history of Uthmanic codex).

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The Prophet whose sons plotted against him was Yaqub (Jacob, AS). The Qur'an devotes a large portion of Surah Yusuf (Chapter 12) to this story. Yaqub had twelve sons, and the older brothers became jealous of their father's deep love for their younger brother Yusuf (Joseph, AS). They conspired together and threw Yusuf into a well, then returned to their father with his shirt stained in false blood, claiming that a wolf had devoured him.

This plot against Yusuf was, by extension, a plot against Yaqub himself, as it was designed to deceive him and remove the son he loved dearly. Yaqub saw through their story, saying "Rather, your souls have enticed you to something" (Qur'an 12:18), and he bore the separation with beautiful patience (sabr jamil) for many years until he was eventually reunited with Yusuf in Egypt.

The other prophets listed were not subject to plots by their own sons in the Qur'anic narrative. Nuh (AS) had a son who refused to board the Ark and drowned, but this was disobedience rather than a conspiracy. Ibrahim (AS) is not recorded as having sons who plotted against him. Musa (AS) is not described in the Qur'an as having sons who conspired against him.

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The name "Al-Qur'an" is derived from the Arabic root qa-ra-a, which means "to read" or "to recite." Accordingly, Al-Qur'an literally means "The Recitation" or "That which is recited." This name reflects the fundamental nature of the Qur'an as a text meant to be recited aloud, memorised, and transmitted through oral recitation - a practice that began with the very first revelation when the angel Jibril (AS) commanded Prophet Muhammad (SAW) with the word Iqra' ("Recite!") in the Cave of Hira.

The Qur'an is the final holy book revealed by Allah, sent down over approximately 23 years. Its identity as "The Recitation" distinguishes it from other scriptures in that its preservation has always been tied to oral transmission alongside written recording. Millions of Muslims (huffaz) memorise the entire text, making it the most widely memorised book in history.

The other options are not accurate translations of "Al-Qur'an": "The Law" would more closely correspond to the Torah/Tawrat. "The Testament" is associated with Christian scripture terminology. "The Reminder" (Adh-Dhikr) is indeed one of the names used for the Qur'an in the Qur'an itself (Surah Al-Hijr, 15:9), but it is not the meaning of the word "Al-Qur'an."

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Prophet Isa (Jesus) was given the Gospel, known in Arabic as the Injil. The Qur'an states in Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:46): "And We sent, following in their footsteps, Isa, the son of Maryam, confirming that which came before him in the Torah; and We gave him the Injil, in which was guidance and light."

In Islamic belief, each of the major divine scriptures was revealed to a specific prophet. The four commonly referenced scriptures and their recipients are:

• The Suhuf (Scrolls) were given to Ibrahim (Abraham)
• The Tawrah (Torah) was given to Musa (Moses)
• The Zabur (Psalms) was given to Dawud (David)
• The Injil (Gospel) was given to Isa (Jesus)
• The Qur'an was given to Muhammad

Knowing which scripture was revealed to which prophet is a foundational topic in Islamic Studies and is frequently tested in examinations.

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Prophet Ayyub (Job) was tested with the loss of all his children and wealth. According to Islamic tradition, Ayyub was initially a prosperous and blessed man with abundant wealth, many children, and good health. As a divine test of his faith and patience, he lost all of these blessings one after another: his wealth was destroyed, his children died, and he was struck with a severe, prolonged illness.

Despite these devastating losses, Ayyub remained steadfast in his faith and never questioned Allah's wisdom. The Qur'an records his humble supplication in Surah Al-Anbiya (21:83): "Indeed, adversity has touched me, and You are the Most Merciful of the merciful." Allah rewarded his patience by restoring his health, granting him new children, and giving him even greater wealth than before (Surah Sad, 38:41-44).

While Yaqub (Jacob) also endured a significant loss - the prolonged separation from his son Yusuf - the comprehensive trial of losing all children and all wealth is specifically attributed to Ayyub. Yusuf's trial centred on betrayal and imprisonment. Harun is not associated with such a trial in Islamic sources.

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The father of Prophet Yahya (John the Baptist, AS) was Zakariyyah (Zechariah, AS). This is clearly stated in the Qur'an in Surah Maryam (19:7), where Allah gave Zakariyyah the glad tidings of a son named Yahya: "O Zakariyyah, indeed We give you good tidings of a boy whose name will be Yahya. We have not assigned to any before him that name."

Zakariyyah (AS) was an elderly prophet who served as a guardian of Maryam (Mary) in the temple. He and his wife had been childless for many years, and his wife was barren. Despite his advanced age, Zakariyyah prayed earnestly to Allah for an heir, as described in Surah Maryam (19:2-6). Allah answered his prayer miraculously, granting him Yahya - a son who would be a prophet, noble, chaste, and righteous.

The other prophets listed are not the father of Yahya: Musa (AS) and Harun (AS) were brothers, both prophets sent to the Children of Israel and to Pharaoh. Sulaiman (AS) was the son of Prophet Dawud (AS) and was known for his kingdom and wisdom, not as the father of Yahya.

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Prophet Isa (Jesus) is the prophet who spoke from the cradle as a newborn infant. This miraculous event is narrated in Surah Maryam (19:29-33). When Maryam (Mary) returned to her people carrying the baby Isa, they accused her of wrongdoing. She pointed to the infant, and he spoke, saying: "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a prophet" (19:30).

This miracle served two purposes: it defended Maryam's honour against the accusations of her people, and it established Isa's prophetic mission from the very moment of his birth. The Qur'an also references this ability in Surah Al-Imran (3:46), where it states that Isa would speak to people in the cradle and in maturity.

None of the other prophets listed are reported to have spoken from the cradle. Prophet Muhammad received revelation at the age of forty. Prophet Musa's early life involved his rescue from the Nile. Prophet Yusuf's story centres on his childhood dreams and later trials in Egypt.

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The Prophet Muhammad performed his Farewell Pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wada') in 10 AH (After Hijrah), corresponding to 632 CE. This was the only Hajj the Prophet performed after the emigration to Madinah, and it took place just a few months before his death in Rabi' al-Awwal of 11 AH.

During this pilgrimage, the Prophet delivered his famous Farewell Sermon (Khutbat al-Wada') on the plain of Arafat, in which he addressed fundamental principles of Islam including the sanctity of life and property, the equality of all people regardless of race, the rights of women, the prohibition of usury (riba), and the importance of holding fast to the Qur'an and Sunnah. It is also during this pilgrimage that the verse declaring the perfection of the religion (Surah Al-Ma'idah, 5:3) was revealed.

The other dates are incorrect. 5 AH corresponds to the Battle of the Trench. 8 AH was the year of the Conquest of Makkah (Fath Makkah). 12 AH falls after the Prophet's death.

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A Muslim must observe five compulsory (fard) prayers every day. These five daily prayers are the second pillar of Islam and were prescribed during the Prophet's night journey (Isra and Mi'raj). They are:

1. Fajr - the dawn prayer, performed before sunrise (2 units/rak'at)
2. Dhuhr - the midday prayer, performed after the sun passes its zenith (4 rak'at)
3. Asr - the afternoon prayer, performed in the late afternoon (4 rak'at)
4. Maghrib - the sunset prayer, performed just after sunset (3 rak'at)
5. Isha - the night prayer, performed after twilight has disappeared (4 rak'at)

Together these five prayers total 17 obligatory rak'at per day. The Qur'an commands the establishment of prayer in numerous verses, and the Prophet (peace be upon him) said in an authentic hadith that the five daily prayers are like a river at one's door in which one bathes five times a day, washing away sins.

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In Islamic eschatology, the angel Israfil is tasked with blowing the trumpet (Sur) that signals the end of the world and the resurrection of all creation. The trumpet is blown twice: the first blast causes every living being to perish, and the second blast resurrects all souls for the Day of Judgment (Yawm al-Qiyamah).

This role is specific to Israfil and is distinct from the duties of the other major angels. Jibril (Gabriel) is the angel of revelation who brought the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad. Mikail (Michael) is responsible for provisions and natural phenomena such as rain. Malik is the guardian of Hellfire, as mentioned in Surah Az-Zukhruf (43:77).

The association of Israfil with the trumpet is grounded in well-known hadith literature and is a standard teaching point in Islamic Studies. When revising the roles of the angels, remember that each of the four major angels has a distinct, non-overlapping function.

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Surah Al-Baqarah (The Cow) is the longest surah in the Qur'an. It is the second surah and contains 286 verses (ayat), covering a wide range of topics including faith, law, guidance for the Muslim community, stories of previous prophets, and regulations on matters such as fasting, pilgrimage, financial transactions, and family law.

The other surahs listed are also among the longer chapters of the Qur'an but are shorter than Al-Baqarah:

• Al-Imran (The Family of Imran) is the third surah with 200 verses.
• Al-Nisa (The Women) is the fourth surah with 176 verses.
• Al-Ma'idah (The Table Spread) is the fifth surah with 120 verses.

Al-Baqarah was revealed in Madinah and is sometimes called the "peak" of the Qur'an due to its comprehensive coverage of Islamic principles. It contains some of the most well-known verses, including Ayat al-Kursi (the Throne Verse, 2:255) and the final two verses (2:285-286), which are widely recited for protection.

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The Ka'bah was originally built by Ibrahim (Abraham, AS) and his son Isma'il (Ishmael, AS). This is explicitly stated in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:127): "And [mention] when Ibrahim was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Isma'il, [saying], 'Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing.'"

The Ka'bah, located in Makkah (Mecca), is the most sacred site in Islam and serves as the qiblah (direction of prayer) for Muslims worldwide. According to Islamic tradition, Allah commanded Ibrahim to travel to the barren valley of Makkah, where he had earlier left Hajar and the infant Isma'il. Father and son together raised the walls of the Ka'bah as a house of worship dedicated solely to Allah.

After completing the construction, Ibrahim (AS) was commanded to call people to perform Hajj (pilgrimage) to the Ka'bah, as stated in Surah Al-Hajj (22:26-27). The Ka'bah has remained the spiritual centre of Islam ever since, and the annual Hajj pilgrimage retraces many of the actions of Ibrahim, Hajar, and Isma'il.

The other pairs listed - Dawud and Sulaiman, Musa and Harun, Isa and Zakariyyah - are not associated with the building of the Ka'bah.

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Prophet Isa (Jesus) is the prophet who was born without a father. The Qur'an states that Isa was born to Maryam (Mary) through a miraculous conception by Allah's command alone, without any human father. In Surah Al-Imran (3:47), when Maryam asked how she could have a child when no man had touched her, the angel replied: "Such is Allah; He creates what He wills. When He decrees a matter, He only says to it, 'Be,' and it is."

The Qur'an draws a parallel between this miracle and the creation of Adam in Surah Al-Imran (3:59): "Indeed, the example of Isa to Allah is like that of Adam. He created him from dust; then He said to him, 'Be,' and he was." Both were created through extraordinary divine acts, but Isa's birth is specifically characterised by the absence of a father.

The other prophets listed all had fathers. Ibrahim's father was Azar. Is-haq (Isaac) was the son of Ibrahim. Musa (Moses) was the son of Imran (a different Imran from Maryam's father).

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The Prophet who was thrown into the fire but saved by Allah was Ibrahim (Abraham, AS). This event is narrated in the Qur'an in Surah Al-Anbiya (21:68-69) and Surah As-Saffat (37:97-98).

Ibrahim (AS) challenged the idol worship of his people by destroying their idols to prove their powerlessness. When his people discovered what he had done, they were enraged and decided to punish him by throwing him into a great fire. They built a massive bonfire and catapulted Ibrahim into it.

However, Allah commanded the fire: "O fire, be coolness and safety upon Ibrahim" (Ya naru kuni bardan wa salaman 'ala Ibrahim) (Qur'an 21:69). By Allah's miraculous intervention, the fire did not burn Ibrahim at all. He emerged from it completely unharmed. This miracle demonstrated Allah's absolute power over the natural elements and vindicated Ibrahim's monotheistic message.

This event is one of the defining moments in Ibrahim's life and demonstrates why he is regarded as Khalilullah (the friend of Allah) and one of the Ulul-Azm (Prophets of Strong Determination).

The other prophets listed had different trials: Isa (AS) was raised up to Allah and was not crucified according to Islamic belief. Musa (AS) confronted Pharaoh and parted the sea. Yusuf (AS) was thrown into a well by his brothers and later imprisoned in Egypt, but was not thrown into fire.

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Prophet Dawud (David, peace be upon him) is the Prophet known in the Qur'an for his exceptional wisdom and ability to judge fairly. Allah specifically states in Surah Sad (38:20): "And We strengthened his kingdom and gave him wisdom (hikmah) and decisive speech (fasl al-khitab)." The phrase "fasl al-khitab" means the ability to pass clear, fair, and decisive judgments - a quality essential for a just ruler.

Dawud served as both a prophet and a king over the Israelites. The Qur'an describes instances where he judged disputes, including the famous case in Surah Sad (38:21-26) involving two disputants who came to him about a flock of sheep, through which he was tested and subsequently reminded to judge with justice. He was also granted the Psalms (Zabur), a melodious voice that caused mountains and birds to glorify Allah alongside him, and the ability to soften iron with his bare hands.

The other Prophets had different distinguishing attributes. Ibrahim (Abraham) is known as Khalilullah (the Friend of Allah) and the father of monotheism. Yunus (Jonah) is known for his story with the whale. Idris (Enoch) is noted for being raised to a high station.

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The prayer referred to as "Salat al-Wusta" (the Middle Prayer) is the Asr prayer, according to the majority of Islamic scholars and the most widely accepted interpretation. The Qur'an commands special attention to this prayer in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:238): "Guard strictly your prayers, especially the Middle Prayer (Salat al-Wusta), and stand before Allah in devout obedience."

Several authentic hadiths identify the Asr prayer as Salat al-Wusta. In one narration recorded by Muslim, the Prophet (peace be upon him) said on the day of the Battle of the Trench (Al-Khandaq): "They have kept us from the Middle Prayer, the Asr prayer." This is considered the strongest textual evidence for the identification.

The term "al-Wusta" means "the middle" and Asr falls in the middle of the five daily prayers chronologically: Fajr and Dhuhr come before it, while Maghrib and Isha come after it. The Qur'an singles it out because it occurs during a busy time of the day when people are occupied with work and trade, making it the prayer most likely to be neglected or delayed.