JAMB UTME - Geography - 2015

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Desert plants are usually called xerophytes. Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to survive in dry and arid environments with limited water availability. These plants have evolved special features such as deep roots, small leaves, and waxy surfaces to conserve water and withstand long periods of drought. In this way, xerophytes are able to thrive in the harsh conditions of deserts.

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The movement of the Earth from west to east on its own axis is known as rotation. The Earth rotates around an imaginary line that runs through its center, which is called the axis. This movement takes about 24 hours to complete, resulting in the day and night cycle that we experience. As the Earth rotates, the part of the Earth facing the sun experiences daylight while the part facing away experiences night. This movement is responsible for the apparent movement of the sun and stars across the sky.

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If a map is enlarged 3 times its original size, which was 1:150,000, the new scale of the map would be 1:50,000. The scale of a map is the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance in real life. The scale is usually written as a ratio, such as 1:150,000. In this case, 1 unit on the map represents 150,000 units in real life. When you enlarge a map, you increase the size of every feature on the map, including the scale. If you increase the size of the map by a factor of 3, the scale should also be multiplied by 3. So, the new scale would be 1:150,000 x 3 = 1:50,000.

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The longest river in West Africa is the river Niger. It is approximately 4,180 km (2,600 mi) long and runs through five West African countries: Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria. The river Niger is an important source of water, transportation, and irrigation for millions of people living in these countries. It also supports a diverse range of flora and fauna and is an important natural resource for the region. The river Benue is a major tributary of the river Niger and is the second-longest river in West Africa. The river Volta and Senegal are not as long as the river Niger and are located in different regions of West Africa.

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A spring is an outlet for underground water in limestone. When rainwater falls on the ground, it can seep into the soil and rocks below the surface. If the rock layers below the surface are made of limestone, which is a porous rock that can be dissolved by water, the water can flow through cracks and fissures in the rock, creating underground channels and reservoirs. When the underground water reaches the surface through an opening in the ground, it creates a spring. Springs are important sources of fresh water for plants, animals, and humans, and they can also create unique ecosystems where specialized plants and animals thrive.

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The shape of the earth is spherical, but it is better be described as geoid meaning the shape of the earth.

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Because West Africa is located on 4⁰ N and 20⁰ N of the equator

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The statement that is not true about the solar system is: - "all the planet rotate round the sun" While all the planets do indeed revolve around the sun, not all of them rotate around the sun. Some planets, such as Venus and Uranus, rotate in the opposite direction to their orbit around the sun, which is known as retrograde rotation. Others, such as Mercury, have a rotational period that is synchronized with their orbital period, meaning that they always present the same face to the sun. Overall, the solar system consists of the sun at the center, with eight planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) and various other objects orbiting around it. The sun provides energy to the system through nuclear fusion reactions in its core, which generates heat and light that radiate outwards and sustain life on Earth.

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The most urbanized part of Nigeria is the South/West region. This region comprises of states such as Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, and Ondo. Lagos is the most populous and economically significant city in Nigeria, and it is also the country's commercial hub. It has a population of over 20 million people, and it is a major center of business, trade, and finance. The South/West region is home to several other large cities, including Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ado-Ekiti, Akure, and Osogbo, which are all important economic and cultural centers in their own right. This region is known for its high population density, industrialization, and urbanization, which have contributed to its rapid growth and development. Overall, the South/West region of Nigeria is the most urbanized because it has the highest concentration of large cities and urban centers, which have attracted a significant influx of people seeking better economic opportunities, education, and social amenities.

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because in the southern hemisphere, the autumnal equinox occurs on 23rd September.

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Sharp, slender, and downward growing pinnacles in underground limestone are called "stalactites." Stalactites are geological formations that are created when water containing dissolved calcium carbonate drips from the ceiling of a cave and slowly builds up over time. Stalactites form a hanging, cone-like shape and grow down from the cave ceiling. They are typically a few inches to several feet in length and can take hundreds or even thousands of years to grow. In simple terms, stalactites are like long, pointy icicles that hang from the roof of a cave made of limestone rock. They are formed over a long period of time by the slow dripping of water that contains minerals, and they are an important part of the natural beauty and diversity of underground caves.

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The option that is not a biotic factor is "pressure." Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. These organisms interact with each other and with their physical environment to form complex ecosystems. Some examples of biotic factors include parasites, predators, and grazers, which are all organisms that live and interact with other organisms in the ecosystem. Pressure, on the other hand, is not a living organism and does not interact with other organisms in the ecosystem. Pressure can refer to a variety of physical forces, such as atmospheric pressure, water pressure, or pressure from gravity. While these forces can certainly affect the biotic factors in an ecosystem, they are not themselves living organisms and are therefore not considered biotic factors. In summary, biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in an ecosystem that interact with each other and with their physical environment. Parasites, predators, and grazers are all examples of biotic factors. Pressure, on the other hand, is not a living organism and is not considered a biotic factor.

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It is also called crop rotation is an human activity that benefit the soil

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 these are the mountains that are formed as a result of compressional force

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A "rainguage" is the instrument used in the measurement of rainfall. A rainguage, also known as a rain gauge, is a device that is used to measure the amount of precipitation, such as rain or snow, that has fallen in a specific location over a certain period of time. A rainguage typically consists of a container with a funnel that collects the precipitation and directs it into a measuring cylinder. The cylinder is marked with units of measurement, such as millimeters or inches, to indicate the amount of precipitation that has been collected. In simple terms, a rainguage is like a cup that you place outside to measure how much rain has fallen. By measuring the amount of precipitation, we can better understand the patterns and amounts of rainfall in different areas, which can have important implications for agriculture, water management, and other areas.

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The planet with rings of circular light and dark bands is Jupiter. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, and it is famous for its beautiful and distinct set of rings, which are made up of numerous particles of rock and ice. These rings are composed of several different bands of material, each with its own distinct color and composition. The bands are created by the planet's strong magnetic field, which interacts with the particles in the rings to create these stunning features. So, if you see a planet with these rings, you can easily identify it as Jupiter!

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Lines of longitude are imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and divide the Earth into halves, known as the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere. These lines are also known as meridians. Longitude is the measure of a location's distance from the Prime Meridian, which is an imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole and passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. The Prime Meridian is used as a reference point to measure the longitude of other locations on Earth. Therefore, the best description of lines of longitude is that they are imaginary lines on the Earth's surface that join the North and South Pole and are used to measure the distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.

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The area around the Earth where life activities take place is referred to as the biosphere. The biosphere is made up of all the living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as their physical environment, including air, water, and soil. The biosphere is a complex and interconnected system, where living things interact with each other and with the non-living elements of their environment. This interdependence creates a delicate balance that is essential for the survival of life on Earth.

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A renewable resource is a resource which is replaced naturally and can be used again. Examples are: oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber, and biomass. Renewable resources may also include goods commodities such as wood, paper and leather.

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because the longitudinal extent of Nigeria is 12⁰ i.e. 30W and

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"Edaphic" factors are the soil factors in an ecosystem. Edaphic refers to the physical and chemical properties of soil, including its composition, structure, and fertility. These properties can greatly influence the types of plants and animals that can survive in a particular area and the overall health of an ecosystem. Soil factors that are considered edaphic include its texture (the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles), pH (acidity or alkalinity), nutrient levels, and water-holding capacity. The presence of organic matter, minerals, and microorganisms in the soil also play a role in determining its edaphic characteristics. In simple terms, the soil in an ecosystem is like the foundation that supports the plants and animals living there. The quality and characteristics of the soil can greatly affect the health and diversity of the plants and animals that are able to thrive in that environment.

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The predominant system of agriculture among rural farmers in Nigeria is bush fallowing. Bush fallowing is a traditional agricultural system where farmers rotate their crops, leaving a field fallow or uncultivated for a period of time, usually several years, to allow the land to recover its fertility. This is done by cutting and burning the vegetation and allowing it to regrow. Bush fallowing is widely practiced in rural areas of Nigeria, where many farmers rely on traditional agricultural methods and have limited access to modern inputs and technologies. Terrace farming, irrigation farming, and plantation agriculture are other forms of agriculture, but they are not as prevalent in rural Nigeria as bush fallowing. Terrace farming involves the creation of terraces on sloping land to reduce erosion and increase the amount of cultivable land. Irrigation farming involves the use of irrigation systems to provide water to crops. Plantation agriculture is a large-scale farming system where crops are grown on a large piece of land for commercial purposes.

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because this is a peculiar problem to air transportation due to the formation of fog.

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Stratified rocks are sedimentary rocks that have formed in layers, also known as strata, over time. Sedimentary rocks are made up of small particles, such as sand, silt, and clay, that have been eroded from other rocks and carried by water or wind to a new location. These particles settle and are compacted over time, forming layers that become solid rock. The layers in stratified rocks can be easily seen and are often different colors and textures, depending on the type of sediment that was deposited during the formation of each layer. Some examples of stratified rocks include sandstone, shale, and limestone. The study of stratified rocks, called stratigraphy, is important in geology because it provides information about the history of the Earth's surface and the processes that have shaped it over time. By analyzing the layers of sedimentary rocks, geologists can determine the age of the rock and the conditions that existed during its formation. Stratified rocks can also contain fossils, providing evidence of past life on Earth.

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The characteristic that does not apply to Nigerian rivers is the "presence of misfit." A misfit stream is a river that is too small to have eroded its valley to the same width as its floodplain. This can occur when tectonic uplift or glacial erosion creates a deep valley, but the river that flows through it is not large enough to fill the valley. As a result, the river appears to be flowing in a relatively large valley that is out of proportion to its size. Nigerian rivers, on the other hand, are known for their seasonal flooding, development of rapids and cataracts, and shallowness. Nigeria has a tropical climate, and heavy rainfall during the rainy season causes many rivers to flood their banks. The flooding can lead to erosion, and as the river channels become narrower and deeper, rapids and waterfalls can form. Additionally, Nigerian rivers are generally shallow due to the region's geology, which consists mostly of relatively flat sedimentary rock. In summary, Nigerian rivers do not exhibit the characteristic of a misfit stream, which is when the river is too small to have eroded its valley to the same width as its floodplain. Nigerian rivers are known for their seasonal flooding, development of rapids and cataracts, and shallowness.

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Plantation agriculture is not a form of subsistence farming in West Africa. Subsistence farming is a type of agriculture where farmers grow food crops to feed their families and have little or no surplus for sale. Plantation agriculture, on the other hand, is a large-scale farming operation where crops are grown for commercial purposes and are sold in the market. The main difference between subsistence farming and plantation agriculture is the scale and the purpose of farming.

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 this is a domestic route between the east and west coasts of the U.S.A.

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The instrument used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake is called a seismograph. It's a scientific instrument that measures and records the movements of the ground, including the magnitude and duration of earthquakes. Seismographs use a system of sensors to detect ground movements and produce a record, known as a seismogram, which can be used to study the characteristics of an earthquake and determine its magnitude.

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The correct sequence of denudation is "weathering - erosion - deposition". Denudation is the natural process of wearing away the Earth's surface, and it occurs in three stages: 1. Weathering: Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces, through exposure to elements such as wind, rain, heat, and cold. 2. Erosion: Erosion is the movement of these smaller pieces (created by weathering) by agents such as water, wind, and ice, from one place to another. 3. Deposition: Deposition is the laying down of these weathered and eroded materials in a new location, often as sediment in bodies of water or in sedimentary layers on the Earth's surface. So, the correct sequence is weathering - erosion - deposition.

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Altitude is not an element of weather and climate. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions that occur in a specific location at a specific time, while climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular region. The elements of weather and climate are the factors that contribute to the conditions and patterns observed in a given location. Temperature, rainfall, and sunshine are all elements of weather and climate because they directly affect the atmospheric conditions in a region. Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness in the air, while rainfall refers to the amount of precipitation that falls in a particular area. Sunshine, on the other hand, refers to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface. Altitude, while it can indirectly affect weather and climate, is not an element in and of itself. Altitude refers to the height of a location above sea level, which can affect temperature, precipitation, and other weather and climate factors. For example, higher altitudes tend to be cooler than lower altitudes, and mountainous regions tend to receive more precipitation than flat, low-lying areas. However, altitude is not a direct factor that contributes to weather and climate patterns.

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Encouraging poaching is not a way of conserving natural resources. Poaching refers to illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals, plants or other natural resources, usually for commercial purposes. Poaching can lead to the depletion of animal populations and the destruction of ecosystems, which can have serious consequences for the environment and human society. Therefore, encouraging poaching is not a sustainable or ethical approach to conserving natural resources. Instead, adopting good farming practices, establishing forest reserves and game reserves are effective ways to conserve natural resources. Good farming practices can reduce the use of harmful chemicals and help protect soil, water, and biodiversity. Establishing forest reserves and game reserves can protect wildlife habitats and promote sustainable use of natural resources.

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On September 23rd, all towns or cities in the northern hemisphere can never experience equal length of day and night. This is because on this day, the tilt of the Earth's axis is such that the North Pole is tilted away from the sun, leading to more hours of darkness in the northern hemisphere and less hours of daylight. This means that the northern hemisphere experiences either longer nights and shorter days, or longer days and shorter nights, but not equal amounts of both.

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Out of the options listed, the natural resource is not cellphane. A natural resource is something that comes from nature and can be used by humans to meet their needs. Rubber, soil, and water are all examples of natural resources because they come from the earth and can be used for various purposes such as making tires, growing crops, and drinking. Cellphane, on the other hand, is a man-made material that is not found in nature. It is a type of plastic made from petroleum, which is a non-renewable resource. While it is true that cellphane can be recycled, it is not a natural resource because it does not occur naturally in the environment. In summary, natural resources are materials that come from the earth and can be used by humans, and cellphane is not a natural resource because it is a man-made material that is not found in nature.

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because, fruit farming or orchard farming is not common in Uganda.

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this refers to a diagrammatic representation of a large quantities or volume of data by means of dots

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drainage refers the water bodies like streams, dams, sea, ocean, rivers etc.

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because, the depth of the water-table is not a factor that determines the type of vegetation in a particular habitat

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because it refers to the degree of power to retain water. It’s not parts of the way of defining soil.

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Mass movement is the movement of weathered materials under the force of gravity. This refers to the downhill movement of soil, rock, or other materials due to gravity. Mass movement can take different forms, including landslides, mudflows, and rockfalls. It occurs because the materials become loosened and unstable due to weathering processes, such as freeze-thaw cycles or the action of water. The force of gravity then causes the materials to move downslope. Mass movement can have significant impacts on people and the environment, as it can cause damage to structures, disrupt transportation routes, and alter the landscape.

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The largest river in Nigeria is the River Niger. It is the principal river in West Africa, flowing over 4,180 km (2,600 miles) through five countries, including Nigeria, before emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. The River Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, after the Nile and the Congo rivers. It is a vital source of water for irrigation, fishing, transportation, and hydroelectric power generation in Nigeria and other countries it flows through.

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Nigeria is in West Africa. West Africa is a region of Africa that includes countries located along the western coast of the continent. Nigeria is one of the countries in this region, sharing borders with countries such as Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south.

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The position occupied by an organism in a food chain is called the trophic level. Trophic level refers to the level in the food chain where an organism gets its energy by consuming other organisms. For example, plants are at the first trophic level as they produce their own food through photosynthesis. Herbivores, which feed on plants, are at the second trophic level, while carnivores, which feed on other animals, are at higher trophic levels. The trophic level of an organism determines its role in the ecosystem and how it is connected to other species in the food chain.

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The feature of the lower course of a river that is not included in the list is "V-shaped valley." A river's course can be divided into three main parts: the upper course, middle course, and lower course. The lower course is the final stage of the river's journey before it empties into a larger body of water, such as an ocean or sea. The features of the lower course of a river are typically flatter and wider than the upper and middle courses. The river is also typically slower moving, and it deposits sediment it has carried from upstream. This deposition of sediment creates features such as flood plains and levees, which are included in the list. However, V-shaped valleys are typically associated with the upper and middle courses of a river, not the lower course. In the upper course, a river is often narrow and fast-moving, carving a V-shaped channel through the rock. As the river flows downstream into the middle course, the valley becomes wider and flatter, and the river begins to meander and create features such as oxbow lakes. In summary, the features of the lower course of a river include flood plains, levees, and oxbow lakes, but not V-shaped valleys.

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Tall trees with buttress roots are typically associated with rain forests. Buttress roots are large, woody projections that extend from the base of the tree trunk and spread out like a series of ridges or flanges. These roots help to anchor the tree in the soil and provide extra support against the strong winds that can occur in tropical rainforests. Rainforests are characterized by their high rainfall and warm, humid conditions, which make it an ideal habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species. The tall trees with buttress roots are a common feature of these rainforests and provide an important structural element in the forest ecosystem. In contrast, Guinea savannas, Sudan savannas, and Sahel savannas are typically characterized by more open grasslands and fewer trees. While there may be some scattered trees in these regions, they do not typically have the same tall trees with buttress roots that are found in rainforests.

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Because population growth rate has to do with net rate of habitat over a period of time

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Because loamy soil contain high humus content

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Because it is a biotic component of the ecosystem

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The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the center of the Earth is known as latitude. Latitude is a measure of how far north or south a point is from the Earth's equator, which is an imaginary line that circles the Earth's middle. Latitude is measured in degrees, with the equator being at 0 degrees and the North and South poles at 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south, respectively. The measurement of latitude is important for navigation, weather forecasting, and other geographical applications.

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because epidemic of cattle diseases is not part of effects of overgrazing