JAMB UTME - Government - 2018

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Political authority is vested in the government. Political authority refers to the power and legitimacy that a government has to make decisions and take actions on behalf of a country or a state. This authority is given to the government by the people who live in that country through a process of democratic elections, where citizens choose their representatives to hold political office. The government is the primary institution responsible for exercising political authority. It is made up of elected officials, such as the president or prime minister, who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies that affect the lives of citizens. The government also includes a range of administrative agencies and departments, such as the treasury, defense, and health departments, that are responsible for carrying out specific functions of governance. The government is accountable to the people who elected it, and it must act in the best interests of the citizens it serves. If the government does not meet the needs and expectations of the people, it can be replaced through the democratic process in the next election. Therefore, when we talk about where political authority is vested, the answer is the government, as it is the institution that is responsible for exercising political power and making decisions on behalf of the people.

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The main source of local government finance since the 1976 reform has been local rates. Local rates are taxes that are collected by local governments on properties within their jurisdiction. This tax is based on the value of the property and is used to finance the provision of local services, such as road maintenance, waste management, and community services. This revenue is a crucial source of income for local governments and enables them to provide essential services to their communities. It's important to note that while other sources such as levies, revenue from court fines and licences, and even the federal government may provide funding for local governments, local rates remain the primary source of funding for local governments in many countries.

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The correct answer is Zenith Bank Plc. A public corporation is a government-owned entity that operates as a business or provides a public service. In Nigeria, examples of public corporations include the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), the Nigerian Steel Development Authority, and the Nigeria Railway Corporation. However, Zenith Bank Plc is not a public corporation in Nigeria, but a private bank that is owned by shareholders. While it is a highly respected financial institution in Nigeria, it is not owned or controlled by the Nigerian government, and therefore cannot be classified as a public corporation.

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Unicameral legislatures are most popular in countries that have a unitary system of government. A unitary system is a type of government where power is centralized in a single governing body, with lower levels of government, such as provinces or states, having little autonomy. In this type of system, a unicameral legislature, which means a legislature with only one chamber or house, is often sufficient to represent the entire population and make decisions on their behalf. On the other hand, in a federal system of government, power is divided between a central government and multiple regional or state governments, which means a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature is often used to represent the different levels of government. In a confederal system, power is even more decentralized, with individual states or regions having more autonomy than in a federal system, which means a unicameral legislature may not be able to adequately represent the interests of all the states or regions. Lastly, the use of a unicameral legislature is not related to the rigidity or flexibility of a government system, but rather to the degree of centralization and autonomy of the lower levels of government.

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A true democracy in the modern sense exists where elected representatives rule. In a democratic system, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. These elected officials are responsible for creating and implementing laws and policies that reflect the will of the people. The representatives are accountable to the citizens and can be voted out of office if they fail to perform their duties properly. This system allows for the majority of the people to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives, while also ensuring that the government is run by individuals who have been selected through a fair and transparent process.

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In the old Oyo Empire, the Ajele was responsible for ensuring good governance of the districts. The Ajele was a high-ranking official appointed by the Alaafin (the king) to oversee the administration of a particular district. The Ajele acted as the king's representative and ensured that the people in the district were following the king's laws and policies. The Ajele also collected taxes, resolved disputes, and maintained peace and order in the district. While the Oyo Empire had a standing army, the Ajele did not typically have direct responsibility for mobilizing or commanding military forces. The Oyo Empire was known for its robust trade networks, but the Ajele's responsibilities did not specifically include ensuring the safety of trade routes.

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A bye-law is made by the local government. Bye-laws are a set of rules and regulations that are made to govern a specific area or community, such as a town, city, or village. These rules are created by the local government, which is the body responsible for managing and administering the affairs of the local community. Local government refers to the elected officials and administrative staff who are responsible for making decisions and implementing policies at the local level. This can include city councils, municipal corporations, or other similar bodies. These officials are elected by the people who live in the area they represent, and they are responsible for creating and enforcing the bye-laws that govern the community. So, if you want to know who makes bye-laws, the answer is the local government.

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The institutions which constitute the main organs of the government of a nation are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, which are then implemented by the executive branch. The executive branch, which is led by the head of government (e.g. president, prime minister), is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, as well as managing the day-to-day affairs of the state. The judiciary, which is typically independent of the other branches, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently. In this way, the three branches of government work together to ensure that the state functions effectively and that the rights and interests of its citizens are protected. While the civil service and the senate may be important institutions in some countries, they are not the main organs of government in a nation, as they do not have the same level of responsibility and authority as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.

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The major feature of the system of government in the Sokoto Caliphate was that it was theocratic. This means that the government was based on religion and religious leaders, specifically the caliph, had the ultimate authority. The caliphate was established in what is now northern Nigeria in the early 19th century by the Muslim leader Usman dan Fodio. He believed in a strict interpretation of Islam and wanted to create a society based on Islamic principles. The Sokoto Caliphate was therefore ruled by a series of caliphs who were considered to be both political and religious leaders. They oversaw the administration of the state, the enforcement of laws, and the collection of taxes. The caliphs were assisted by a council of advisors, but the ultimate power rested with the caliph himself. So, the Sokoto Caliphate was not democratic, nor was power effectively decentralized, as it was highly centralized around the caliph and his religious authority.

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Public opinion is the view expressed by the majority of the members of a society. It represents the collective opinion of a group of individuals on a particular topic, issue or event. Public opinion can be shaped by various factors such as personal experiences, cultural values, media influence, and political ideology. It is often measured through surveys, polls, and other forms of social research. Public opinion can have a significant impact on government policies, social norms, and cultural values.

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The highest decision-making body in Nigeria under the Buhari military regime was the Supreme Military Council (SMC). The SMC was the highest military authority in Nigeria and had the power to make decisions on all matters of national significance, including the country's political, economic, and social affairs. The SMC was made up of the top military officers in Nigeria, including the Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff, and other key military leaders. The SMC was responsible for making all major policy decisions in Nigeria during Buhari's military regime, and its decisions were binding on all other government institutions.

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The Casablanca Group, sometimes known as the 'Casablanca bloc', was a short-lived, informal association of African states with a shared vision of the future of Africa and of Pan-Africanism in the early 1960s. The group was composed of seven states led by radical, left-wing leaders largely from North Africa - Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Libya, Mali, and Morocco.

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The Clifford Constitution of 1922 disposed the Nigerian Council of Lord Lugard (1914) and set up a new legislative council for the Southern Protectorate. The membership of the Clifford legislative council was 46. Twenty- seven out of the 46 members were officials while 19 were unofficial members. Ten out of the 19 unofficial members were Nigerians and out of the 10 unofficial Nigerians, 4 were elected, 3 from Lagos and 1 from Calabar. The remaining six were appointed by the governor.

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Citizenship of a state by descent requires that one's parents or ancestors were citizens of that state. This means that if a person's parent or grandparent was a citizen of the state, then that person may be eligible to apply for citizenship by descent. Simply being born or bred in the state or being domiciled in that state does not automatically confer citizenship by descent. It is the lineage or ancestry that determines one's eligibility for citizenship by descent.

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The goal of the theory of separation of powers is to protect individual liberty by dividing the powers of government into three branches - legislative, executive, and judiciary - each with separate and distinct functions. This separation ensures that no one branch has too much power or authority, and that each branch serves as a check and balance on the others. By limiting the power of each branch and preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful, the separation of powers helps to safeguard against tyranny and ensure that the government is accountable to the people it serves.

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Venezuela is a founding member of OPEC. OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a group of countries that work together to regulate the supply and price of oil on the global market. It was established in 1960 by five founding members, including Venezuela, along with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. The purpose of the organization was to unify and coordinate the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic, and regular supply of petroleum to consumers. Over time, OPEC has grown to include several more member countries, but Venezuela remains one of the original and founding members of the organization.

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The Yoruba traditional system of government was monarchical, meaning that power and authority rested with a king or monarch known as an "Oba." The Oba was believed to be divinely chosen and had considerable control over political, economic, and social affairs within his kingdom. However, the Yoruba system of government also incorporated elements of democracy, as the Oba was advised by a council of chiefs and elders who represented different interest groups within the society. Additionally, the Yoruba people placed a strong emphasis on consensus-building and conflict resolution, which allowed for broad participation in decision-making and contributed to the stability of the system.

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Citizenship of a country can be acquired through two main ways: birth and naturalization. Birthright citizenship is the most common way of acquiring citizenship, where a person automatically becomes a citizen of a country if they are born within its territorial boundaries or if their parents are citizens of that country. This means that a person can acquire citizenship by simply being born in a particular country or by being born to parents who are citizens of that country. On the other hand, naturalization is the process by which a person who is not a citizen of a country can become one. Naturalization requirements vary by country, but typically involve a period of legal residency, a demonstrated understanding of the country's language, history, and government, and passing a citizenship test. Once these requirements are met, an individual can apply to become a citizen and, if approved, will be granted citizenship. While parliamentary legislation or presidential proclamation can also be used to confer citizenship in certain circumstances, they are not as commonly used as birthright citizenship and naturalization. Registration and arbitration, on the other hand, do not typically confer citizenship on an individual but may be used to resolve disputes related to citizenship.

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The second ballot is based on the principle that a successful candidate must obtain an absolute majority. This means that in order to win, the candidate must receive more than half of the total votes cast. In other words, the candidate must get at least 50% plus one of the votes. This ensures that the winning candidate has the support of the majority of the voters, rather than just a plurality of the votes. If no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round of voting, a second ballot is held between the two candidates who received the most votes, to determine the winner.

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The tenure of the President of the United Nations (UN) Security Council is one month. The presidency of the UN Security Council rotates among the 15 members of the Council on a monthly basis, according to the English alphabetical order of their country names. Each member state takes its turn to assume the presidency, which means that each country holds the position for one month throughout the year. During its presidency, the country in charge of the UN Security Council sets the agenda, presides over meetings, and represents the Council in its interactions with other parts of the UN and the wider world. After one month, the presidency is then transferred to the next country in the alphabetical order of member states' names.

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Rhodesia was the former name of Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was a country in southern Africa that was named after Cecil Rhodes, a British businessman, mining magnate, and politician who played a key role in the colonization of the region. The country was known as Southern Rhodesia from 1898 until 1965, when it unilaterally declared independence from Britain, and then simply Rhodesia until 1980, when it officially became the Republic of Zimbabwe. Today, Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa that shares borders with South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique. It is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and diverse wildlife, including elephants, lions, and rhinos.

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Capitalism is an economic system which emphasizes individualism. In a capitalist system, the means of production and distribution of goods and services are mainly in the hands of private individuals and companies, rather than the government. The goal of a capitalist system is to create wealth for individuals through market competition and the creation of goods and services in demand. The key idea behind capitalism is that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and profits, and that this will ultimately lead to economic growth and prosperity for society as a whole.

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The primary function of the judiciary is to interpret laws. In other words, it is the role of the judiciary to determine the meaning and understand the intent behind the laws that have been enacted by the legislative branch of government. The judiciary acts as an independent and impartial body that resolves legal disputes and ensures that the laws are applied fairly and consistently. This helps to maintain a stable and just society by providing a fair and impartial system for resolving disputes and interpreting the law.

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Power is the capacity of an individual to influence the conduct (behaviour) of others. The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure.

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The manpower and personnel shortages experienced by the British colonial administration in Nigeria led to the introduction of indirect rule. Indirect rule was a system of governance in which local indigenous leaders were appointed as representatives of the colonial power. This was done because the British did not have enough personnel or manpower to directly govern the diverse and vast territory of Nigeria. By using local leaders, the British were able to maintain control over the region with minimal resources. The system of indirect rule remained in place until Nigeria gained independence in 1960.

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Pressure groups are formed mainly to satisfy the needs and interests of their members. These groups are organizations that aim to influence policy and decision-making by exerting pressure on government officials and other key decision-makers. They do this by organizing members and supporters to advocate for their shared interests and goals. Pressure groups can represent a wide range of interests, including business, labor, environmentalism, civil rights, and many others. These groups may seek to achieve their goals through various methods, such as lobbying, public demonstrations, media campaigns, and other forms of advocacy. By bringing together individuals who share common concerns and objectives, pressure groups can amplify their members' voices and provide a platform for collective action. In this way, pressure groups can be an effective means of advancing the interests of specific groups and shaping public policy to better serve those interests.

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A society that is politically organized under a government is called a polity. This means that there is a system of rules and regulations that guide the behavior of individuals within the society and that these rules are enforced by a centralized authority, such as a government. The term "polity" can be used to describe any form of political organization, from a small town to a large nation-state. It is important to note that a polity may also be referred to as a sovereign state or a national state, but these terms imply additional characteristics, such as a defined territory and recognition by other states.

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The system of government in which the central government is supreme and has the most power over other levels is called a unitary system. In this type of system, the central government makes all the important decisions, and the lower levels of government, such as regional or local governments, have limited power and authority. In a unitary system, the central government can create or abolish regional or local governments, change their powers and responsibilities, and override their decisions if it sees fit. Examples of countries with a unitary system of government include France, China, and the United Kingdom.

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The following are the key rights of Nigerian citizens:
- Right to life
- Right to dignity
- Right to personal liberty
- Right to fair hearing
- Right to privacy
- Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
- Right to freedom of expression
- Right to freedom of assembly and association
- Right to freedom of movement
- Right to freedom from discrimination
- Right to own property

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Nigeria is a member of ECOWAS, the OAU (now known as the African Union), and the UNO (now known as the United Nations). ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) is a regional organization consisting of 15 West African countries, with a mandate to promote economic integration and development in the region. Nigeria is one of the founding members of ECOWAS, and it plays a significant role in the organization's affairs. The OAU (Organization of African Unity) was established in 1963 to promote unity and solidarity among African states and to work towards the decolonization of the continent. The OAU has since been replaced by the African Union, which is a similar organization with a broader mandate. Nigeria was one of the founding members of the OAU and continues to be an active member of the African Union. The UNO (United Nations Organization) is an international organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and maintain international peace and security. Nigeria is a member of the UN and has been actively involved in its affairs since gaining independence in 1960. Nigeria is not a member of NATO, the Commonwealth of Nations, or the OAS (Organization of American States). It is, however, a member of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), which is a group of 13 oil-producing countries that coordinate their petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets and ensure a regular supply of petroleum to consumers.

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A state that is ruled by an elected citizen is called a republic. In a republic, the citizens have the power to elect their leaders, who are then responsible for governing the country. This is different from a monarchy, where the ruler is usually a hereditary monarch, and an empire, which is typically ruled by an emperor who has seized power through force. In a plutocracy, the country is ruled by wealthy individuals who have acquired significant economic power and influence. This is not the same as a republic, as the citizens do not necessarily have a say in who governs them. Overall, a republic is a form of government that is based on the principle of elected representation, where the people choose their leaders through a democratic process.

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The African Economic Community (AEC) is an organization of African Union states establishing grounds for mutual economic development among the majority of African states. The AEC founded through the Abuja Treaty, signed in 1991 and entered into force in 1994 is envisioned to be created in six stages:
- (to be completed in 1999) Creation of regional blocs in regions where such do not yet exist
- (to be completed in 2007) Strengthening of intra-REC integration and inter-REC harmonisation
- (to be completed in 2017) Establishing of a free trade area and customs union in each regional bloc
- (to be completed in 2019) Establishing of a continent-wide customs union (and thus also a free trade area)
- (to be completed in 2023) Establishing of a continent-wide African Common Market (ACM)
- (to be completed in 2028) Establishing of a continent-wide economic and monetary union (and thus also a currency union) and Parliament

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The correct answer is "Oligarchy." Oligarchy is a form of government where a small group of people, often wealthy or powerful individuals, have control and power over the entire country or society. These individuals make decisions that benefit themselves, rather than considering the needs and interests of the broader population. In other words, an oligarchy is a government controlled by a few people for their own interests, which may not align with the interests of the rest of the population. The word "oligarchy" comes from the Greek words "oligos," meaning "few," and "arkhein," meaning "to rule."

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In pursuing the goal of regional economic cooperation and development, Nigeria helped create ECOWAS, which seeks to harmonise trade and investment practices for its 16 West African member countries and ultimately to achieve a full customs union.

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Bicameral legislatures are most commonly found in countries with a federal system of government. In a federal system, power is divided between a central government and regional governments, such as states or provinces. The two chambers of a bicameral legislature often have different functions and may represent different constituencies. For example, in the United States, the Senate represents the interests of the states, while the House of Representatives represents the interests of the people. This allows for a balance of power and helps to ensure that different perspectives are taken into account when making laws. Bicameral legislatures can also be found in some unitary systems, where power is concentrated in a central government but regional governments still have some authority. However, this is less common than in federal systems. Bicameral legislatures are not typically found in confederal systems, where power is held primarily by regional governments. Finally, whether a system is rigid or flexible is not directly related to the presence of a bicameral legislature. A rigid system generally refers to a constitution that is difficult to change, while a flexible system allows for easier changes to the constitution.

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In the old Oyo empire, the Ajele were responsible for ensuring the good governance of the district and ensuring the safety of the trade routes. They were not responsible for mobilizing the army or being the head of the army. The Ajele were appointed by the Alaafin (the king of the Oyo empire) to serve as his representatives in the provinces. They were responsible for overseeing the administration of the district, including the collection of taxes, settling disputes, and maintaining law and order. They were also responsible for protecting the trade routes within their district, which were crucial for the economic well-being of the empire. The Ajele played an important role in maintaining the stability and prosperity of the Oyo empire.

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Under the Hausa-Fulani political system, the role of an Alkali is primarily to adjudicate disputes and resolve conflicts based on Islamic laws and customs. Alkalis are traditionally recognized as judges and arbitrators in their communities, and they are responsible for interpreting and applying Islamic law to resolve disputes between individuals, families, and even entire communities. The Alkali's main responsibility is to ensure that justice is served and that conflicts are resolved peacefully, fairly, and in accordance with Islamic principles. They are expected to be knowledgeable in Islamic law, and they are usually selected based on their reputation for wisdom, fairness, and integrity. While Alkalis may have some influence in the making of Islamic laws and the negotiation of treaties, their primary role is to act as judges and arbitrators in the administration of Islamic justice in their communities.

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A political manifesto is a document which outlines a political party's programme, their goals, objectives and plans for the future if they were to be elected into power. It includes their policy positions on various issues such as the economy, education, health care, national security, and social welfare. Essentially, a manifesto is a public statement of a political party's intentions and priorities, and it is used to communicate their ideas and policies to voters before an election. The purpose of a political manifesto is to provide a clear and concise outline of what a political party stands for, and what they plan to achieve if elected, so that voters can make an informed choice at the ballot box.

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The development of a classless society is the goal of Marxism. Marxism is a political and economic theory developed by Karl Marx, which advocates for the creation of a society in which everyone is equal and there are no social classes. According to Marxism, social classes arise from the ownership of the means of production, such as land, factories, and machines. Those who own the means of production, such as the wealthy capitalists, exploit the working class, who do not own the means of production, to generate profit. Marxism seeks to eliminate this exploitation by promoting collective ownership of the means of production, which would lead to the elimination of social classes and a classless society. In a classless society, everyone would have equal access to resources and opportunities, and there would be no exploitation or oppression. Marxism argues that this can only be achieved through a revolution led by the working class, which would overthrow the ruling class and establish a socialist government that would work towards the goal of a classless society.

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A typical form of delegated legislation is a bye-law. Bye-laws are regulations made by local councils, government departments or other bodies that have been given the power to make them by a higher authority, usually an Act of Parliament. These bye-laws set out specific rules and regulations for a particular area or issue, and help to ensure that the policies set out by the higher authority are carried out effectively at a local level. Bye-laws can cover a wide range of topics, from parking regulations to waste management. They are an important tool for ensuring that the law is applied in a way that is appropriate to local circumstances and needs.