JAMB UTME - Agricultural Science - 2021

Detalles de la respuesta

Records of money transactions in a farming business are called farm accounts. Farm accounts refer to the records of all financial transactions in a farming business, including income, expenses, and other financial activities. These records are used to track the financial performance of the farm and to make informed decisions about future investments, expenses, and other financial matters. Farm inputs refer to the materials, equipment, and supplies that are used in the production of crops or livestock. Capital refers to the financial resources available to a farm, including savings, investments, and loans. Farm liabilities are debts or obligations that a farm owes to others, such as loans, bills, and other financial obligations. So, the answer to the question is farm accounts.

Detalles de la respuesta

The study of insect pests of crops is called entomology. Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their biology, behavior, evolution, and ecological relationships. Within entomology, there is a subfield that focuses specifically on insects that cause harm to crops, livestock, and other agricultural products. This subfield is called agricultural entomology and it focuses on the study of insect pests and their management. Pathology is the study of diseases and their causes, while agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, and other products. Synecology is the study of ecological communities and their interactions. So, the answer to the question is entomology.

Detalles de la respuesta

The correct answer is: Igneous rock. Igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the solidification of magma or lava. Magma is molten rock that is found underneath the Earth's crust. When the magma rises to the surface and cools down, it solidifies into a rock that we call igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and pumice. Metamorphic rock, on the other hand, is a type of rock that forms from the alteration of existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and/or chemical processes. These rocks are transformed from one type of rock into another. Sedimentary rock is a type of rock that forms from the accumulation and compression of sediment, such as sand, mud, and other organic materials. These rocks are often found in layers and can contain fossils. Caleima rock is not a recognized type of rock.

Detalles de la respuesta

The easiest method of determining soil texture in the field is by feeling. This method involves taking a sample of soil and using your fingers to feel the size and shape of the individual soil particles. Based on the size and shape of the soil particles, you can determine whether the soil is sand, silt, or clay. Sand is the largest soil particle and feels gritty. Silt is a medium-sized soil particle and feels smooth. Clay is the smallest soil particle and feels sticky. By determining the dominant soil particle size, you can determine the soil texture and classify the soil as sandy, silty, or clayey. This method is quick, simple, and does not require any special equipment, making it an easy way to determine soil texture in the field.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

The most common factor affecting land use is population pressure. This means that as the number of people in an area increases, there is a greater demand for land to be used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes. This pressure can lead to changes in land use, such as the conversion of farmland to urban areas, deforestation, and the development of new infrastructure. In simple terms, as the population grows, the demand for land increases, and this affects how the land is used.

Detalles de la respuesta

The adult male cattle is called a bull. A bull is a male cattle that has reached adulthood and is used for breeding and for producing beef. Bulls are typically larger and stronger than cows (female cattle) and have distinctive characteristics such as horns and a hump on their shoulders. They play an important role in the agriculture industry, as they are used for breeding to produce more cattle for dairy, beef, and other agricultural purposes. Ram is a term used for adult male sheep, while boar is a term used for adult male pigs. Duck is a type of waterbird and not a type of cattle.

Detalles de la respuesta

The following is not a method of improving rangeland: regular application of fertilizers. Improving rangeland involves managing the land in a way that promotes the growth of desirable vegetation and reduces the impact of undesirable vegetation. One of the methods of improving rangeland is practicing continuous grazing, which involves rotating animals from one area to another to prevent overgrazing and allow the vegetation to recover. Routine and regular weeding involves removing unwanted plants that compete with the desirable vegetation for water, nutrients, and light. Routine reseeding involves replanting desirable vegetation that has been lost due to natural causes or overgrazing. While regular application of fertilizers can be important for improving the quality of cultivated crops, it is not a method of improving rangeland. In many cases, applying fertilizers to rangeland can actually have negative impacts, such as altering the natural balance of the ecosystem and promoting the growth of undesirable vegetation. It is often better to manage rangeland through a combination of grazing management, weed control, and reseeding, rather than applying fertilizers.

Detalles de la respuesta

Root-knot disease of tomato is caused by a type of parasitic nematode. Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can infect the roots of plants. In the case of root-knot disease of tomato, the nematodes feed on the roots of the plant, causing knots or galls to form. This can result in reduced growth, reduced yields, and in severe cases, death of the plant. The nematodes can survive in the soil for long periods of time and they can infect a wide range of plants, including tomatoes, peppers, melons, and many others. To control root-knot disease, it is important to practice good crop rotation, avoid planting susceptible crops in infested soil, and use nematicides if necessary.

Detalles de la respuesta

The characteristic symptoms of mosaic disease of crops can be observed on the leaves of plants. This disease is caused by viruses and is characterized by the appearance of yellow or greenish-yellow patches or mottling on the leaves. The leaves may also become curled, stunted or distorted. This discoloration and distortion is referred to as the "mosaic" pattern, hence the name of the disease. The virus can spread quickly throughout the plant, affecting its overall growth and yield. In some cases, the fruits of the plant may also be affected.

Detalles de la respuesta

The alternate heating and cooling of rocks can result in a process called thermal stress. When rocks are subjected to changes in temperature, the different layers of the rock expand and contract at different rates. This can cause stress on the rock and over time, it can lead to cracking and breaking, a process known as fragmentation. This can happen as a result of volcanic activity, tectonic activity, or weathering and erosion. The rocks can also undergo cycles of heating and cooling and this can result in the formation of fractures and joints. In some cases, the heat can be so intense that it causes the rocks to melt, resulting in the formation of magma and new igneous rocks.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

Let's first find out how many pests there were before 25% died. If 100 pests are attacking an hectare of cocoa farm, and 25% of them suddenly died, then 100 * 25/100 = 25 pests died. So, before 25% of the pests died, there were 100 pests. And after 25% died, there were 100 - 25 = 75 pests left. Next, let's find out how many pests were sent for medical examination. If 40% of the 75 pests that were left were sent for medical examination, then 75 * 40/100 = 30 pests were sent for medical examination. So, the number of pests remaining after some were sent for medical examination is 75 - 30 = 45 pests. Therefore, the answer is 45 pests.

Detalles de la respuesta

The option that does not describe the effect of practicing crop rotation is "adding humus to the soil." Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a specific sequence in a certain area over time. The purpose of this is to maintain and improve soil fertility, control soil erosion, and prevent the build-up of pests and diseases. By rotating crops, the soil is given a chance to rest and recover nutrients that were taken away by previous crops, leading to healthier soil and better crop growth. On the other hand, adding humus to the soil involves adding organic matter such as compost, leaves, or manure to the soil. This helps to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability. While adding humus to the soil can complement the effects of crop rotation, it is not a direct result of practicing crop rotation.

Detalles de la respuesta

Ginning is a method of processing cotton. Ginning is the process of separating the cotton fibers from the seeds in cotton crops. The cotton fibers are used to make textiles, while the cotton seeds are used for oil production. Ginning is done by passing the cotton through a machine called a cotton gin, which uses a combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate the fibers from the seeds. Cocoa, oil palm, and palm kernel oil are not processed by ginning. Cocoa is a crop that is used to make chocolate, while oil palm is a type of palm tree that is grown for its oil-rich fruit. Palm kernel oil is derived from the seeds of the oil palm tree and is used in a variety of food and industrial products. So, the answer to the question is cotton.

Detalles de la respuesta

Slate is formed from shale. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of compacted mud and clay. Over time, heat and pressure cause the minerals in the shale to recrystallize, resulting in the formation of slate. The new rock has a fine-grained texture and is relatively dense and strong, making it useful for roofing, flooring, and other applications. Unlike marble, quartzite, and limestone, slate is not a metamorphic rock, but rather a sedimentary rock that has undergone a specific type of metamorphism.

Detalles de la respuesta

Rain water is made available to crops through root absorption. This is the process where plant roots take in water from the soil. The plant roots absorb the rain water and use it to grow and support the plant. The water is transported from the roots to the leaves, flowers and fruits through a system of tubes in the plant called the xylem. This water is then used by the plant to carry out important functions such as photosynthesis and transpiration. Transpiration is the process where water is released from the leaves into the atmosphere through tiny pores. This helps to regulate the temperature of the plant and also returns some of the water back to the atmosphere, where it can be reused as rain.

Detalles de la respuesta

Food shortage can be minimized by improving agricultural practices and increasing food production. This can be achieved by implementing efficient pest control services, using modern techniques for crop cultivation, and providing farmers with the necessary resources and support. Additionally, reducing food waste and preventing hoarding of food supplies can also help to minimize food shortages. However, it's important to note that natural hazards such as droughts, floods, and extreme weather conditions can impact food production and lead to food shortages. The illegal exportation of farm produce can also contribute to food shortages in certain regions by reducing the available food supplies in those areas.

Detalles de la respuesta

The most versatile source of farm power in West Africa is likely to be animal power, specifically using oxen or cattle to plow fields and perform other tasks. In many rural areas of West Africa, access to electricity and other modern sources of energy is limited, making it difficult to use more technologically advanced methods like biogas, wind, or water power. However, animals such as oxen or cattle are readily available and can be trained to perform a wide range of tasks on the farm. In addition, animal power is flexible and can be used for a variety of purposes, including plowing, transportation, and even as a source of fertilizer. This versatility makes animal power a valuable asset for farmers in West Africa.

Detalles de la respuesta

An important farm machine used for coupling many implements is a tractor. A tractor is a powerful vehicle that is equipped with a hitch system, which allows it to connect and tow a variety of implements, such as plows, harrows, cultivators, mowers, and more. Tractors are widely used in agriculture to perform a range of tasks, from tilling soil to planting and harvesting crops. A disc harrow is also a common implement used in agriculture, but it is not typically used for coupling many implements. A disc harrow is a farm implement that is used to break up and level soil, as well as control weeds. A harvester is a machine that is used for harvesting crops, such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Harvesters typically have a cutting mechanism and a collection system to gather the crops as they are harvested. A plough is a farm implement that is used for breaking up and turning over soil in preparation for planting crops. Plows come in various sizes and types, and they can be mounted on tractors or pulled by draft animals.

Detalles de la respuesta

An advantage of an extensive system of rearing goats is low labor requirement. This means that in an extensive system, goats are allowed to graze and forage for their own food in a natural environment, with minimal human intervention. This can result in a lower cost of production as there is less need for expensive feed and fewer inputs required for maintenance. Additionally, this system can also be less time-consuming for the farmer, as there is less need for daily chores such as feeding and cleaning.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

The practice of mating closely related animals is called inbreeding. Inbreeding is when two animals that are closely related, such as siblings or parent and offspring, are bred together. This increases the likelihood that their offspring will have similar traits and characteristics because they share many of the same genes. While inbreeding can lead to the expression of desirable traits, it can also increase the risk of genetic disorders and other health problems. For this reason, many breeders prefer to use outbreeding, or mating animals that are not closely related, to promote genetic diversity and reduce the risk of health problems in their offspring.

Detalles de la respuesta

The correct order for land preparation is: land clearing → ploughing → harrowing → ridging. Land clearing involves removing trees, bushes, and other vegetation from the land to make it ready for farming. Ploughing is the process of breaking up the soil using a plough to make it easier to plant seeds and improve water and air penetration. Harrowing is the process of breaking up any clumps of soil formed after ploughing and smoothing out the soil surface. Ridging involves creating raised beds or mounds of soil in the field to improve drainage and to provide a place for planting crops. By following this order, the soil is properly prepared for planting and the crops are more likely to grow well and produce a good harvest.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

The practice of bee farming is called apiculture. Apiculture, also known as beekeeping, is the maintenance and management of bee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee products. Beekeepers typically raise bees in hives, and they may also use various techniques to increase the productivity and health of the colonies. Heliculture is the cultivation of snails, typically for their meat and eggs. Forestry is the practice of managing forests and woodlands, while agronomy is the science of managing and utilizing land for the production of crops and livestock. These practices are not related to apiculture or beekeeping.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

In subsistence agriculture, surplus produce is small and savings are not made. Subsistence agriculture is a type of agricultural system in which farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption and for the consumption of their families and communities. In subsistence agriculture, farmers typically have limited resources and technology, and the focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than producing a surplus for sale or trade. As a result, the surplus produce from subsistence agriculture is typically small, and farmers do not have the resources or market access to make savings or investments. Instead, they focus on producing enough food to feed themselves and their families. Farm sizes in subsistence agriculture can vary, and may range from small plots of land to larger holdings. The main focus is on producing enough food to meet basic needs, rather than maximizing production and profits. So, the answer to the question is surplus produce is small and savings are not made.

Detalles de la respuesta

Subsistence agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings and the production of food for the farmer's own use and consumption. Subsistence agriculture is a type of farming that is practiced on a small scale and is focused on providing food and basic necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than producing crops for sale or trade. Subsistence farmers typically cultivate small plots of land and use simple tools and techniques to grow crops and raise animals. In contrast, large scale agriculture is characterized by the use of machines and intensive use of inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, to maximize production and increase profits. While subsistence agriculture can provide food security for the farmer and their family, it can also result in low yields and limited economic opportunities. On the other hand, large scale agriculture can be more efficient and profitable, but can also lead to environmental degradation and social inequalities.

Detalles de la respuesta

An increase in supply of agricultural produce can be caused by a variety of factors such as reduced cost of production, favorable weather conditions, and reduced taxation. However, the factor that does not contribute to an increase in supply is consumers buying less products. When consumers buy less products, it creates a surplus of the unsold produce and reduces demand for it. When demand for a product decreases, the market price for the product decreases as well, which can lead to a reduction in the supply of that product. In this case, the decrease in consumer demand would actually lead to a decrease in the supply of agricultural produce, rather than an increase.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

Ginger is propagated by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots and shoots. Essentially, you can plant a piece of a ginger rhizome, and it will grow into a new plant. This is a common way to propagate ginger because it is easy and efficient, and it allows you to quickly produce many new plants from one parent plant. In simple terms, you can think of rhizomes as "cuttings" that you can take from an existing ginger plant and plant elsewhere to grow a new plant.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

The main processes involved in the marketing of cotton do not include wedding. Wedding is not a process that is typically associated with the marketing of cotton. The marketing of cotton typically involves several key processes, including processing, grading, and packaging. Processing involves cleaning and preparing the cotton fibers for use in various products. This may include spinning the cotton into yarn or thread, and weaving or knitting the cotton into fabric. Grading involves evaluating the quality of the cotton fibers and sorting them into different grades based on factors such as length, strength, and color. This helps to ensure that the cotton fibers are used in the most appropriate applications and that customers receive the best quality products. Packaging involves packaging the cotton fibers or products made from cotton into bags or other containers for storage and transportation. This helps to protect the cotton from damage and contamination during transit and storage, and makes it easier for customers to handle and use the cotton in their own operations.

Detalles de la respuesta

The salvage value of a tractor can be calculated by subtracting the depreciation value from the initial cost. The initial cost of the tractor is ₦50,000, and the depreciation value after a year of use is ₦10,580. To calculate the salvage value, we subtract the depreciation value from the initial cost: ₦50,000 - ₦10,580 = ₦39,420 Therefore, the salvage value of the tractor after a year of use is ₦39,420.

Detalles de la respuesta

IITA stands for International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. It is an international research organization that focuses on agricultural development in tropical regions, particularly in Africa. The goal of IITA is to help farmers in these areas improve their yields and livelihoods by providing them with better seeds, technologies, and knowledge. The institute conducts research and development work in various areas of agriculture, including plant breeding, crop production, and agroforestry. It works with government agencies, universities, and other organizations to help farmers in tropical regions grow more food and improve their lives.

Detalles de la respuesta

Detalles de la respuesta

A spade is not a farm surveying equipment. Farm surveying equipment refers to the tools and instruments used to measure and map the land for agricultural purposes. This equipment is used to determine the boundaries and dimensions of a field, the slope of the land, and other physical features that can affect the planning and management of agriculture. The Abney level, compass, and Gunter's chain are all examples of farm surveying equipment. The Abney level is a type of hand-held instrument used to measure angles and slopes. The compass is used to determine direction and to align survey lines. Gunter's chain is a type of measuring tape that is used to measure distances and to lay out survey lines. A spade, on the other hand, is a tool used for digging and removing soil. While a spade can be useful for preparing the soil for planting, it is not typically considered a surveying instrument.