WAEC SSCE - Financial Accounting - 1998

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A Nominal Account is a type of account that records expenses, losses, gains, or incomes. Out of the options given, the account that is not a nominal account is the "Furnitures and fittings account." This is because it records the purchase of furniture and fittings which are assets of the business and not expenses, losses, gains or incomes.

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The loss made by a non-trading organization is called a deficit. A non-trading organization is an organization that does not engage in buying and selling activities to make a profit, such as a charity or a government agency. If the expenses of the organization exceed its income, it will incur a deficit. This means that it has a negative balance in its accounts and owes more than it owns. The deficit can be financed by drawing on reserves, borrowing or fundraising.

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Payment for shares in excess of the amount demanded gives rise to "call-in-advance". When a company issues shares, it may demand a certain amount from shareholders as payment. However, in some cases, shareholders may voluntarily pay more than the demanded amount. The excess payment is called a "call-in-advance". It represents money paid by the shareholders in advance to the company for the shares they have bought. This excess payment can be refunded to the shareholders if the company decides to repay it, or it can be used by the company for its business operations. It is different from "call-in-arrears", which occurs when shareholders fail to pay the demanded amount for the shares they have bought.

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When a share is sold for less than its nominal value, the difference is debited to the share discount account. A company may offer shares at a discounted price to attract investors or to raise capital quickly. When this happens, the difference between the nominal value of the share and the discounted price is called the discount. This discount is debited to the share discount account, which is a contra-equity account. The share discount account reduces the total value of the company's equity. It is important to note that the share discount account is different from the share premium account, which is used to record the excess price paid for shares sold above their nominal value.

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The prime cost is the total cost of direct materials and direct labor used in producing a product. To calculate the prime cost, we need to add the cost of the raw materials used in production, the direct labor costs and any other direct costs associated with production. From the information given, the opening stock of raw materials is N5,800, the closing stock of raw materials is N4,500, and raw material purchased is N19,000. To calculate the cost of raw materials used in production, we subtract the closing stock of raw materials from the sum of the opening stock of raw materials and raw material purchased. Cost of raw materials used = (Opening stock of raw materials + Raw material purchased) - Closing stock of raw materials = (N5,800 + N19,000) - N4,500 = N20,300 The direct labor cost is N4,000. Therefore, the prime cost is the sum of cost of raw materials used and direct labor cost. Prime cost = Cost of raw materials used + Direct labor cost = N20,300 + N4,000 = N24,300 Hence, the prime cost is N24,300.

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To find the production cost, we need to add the cost of raw materials used, direct labor cost, and factory overheads (electricity and depreciation of plant). The cost of raw materials used can be calculated as follows: Raw materials used = Opening stock of raw materials + Purchases - Closing stock of raw materials = 5,800 + 19,000 - 4,500 = 20,300 The factory overheads can be calculated as: Factory overheads = Electricity + Supervisor's salary + Depreciation of plant = 2,500 + 5,500 + 1,500 = 9,500 Therefore, the production cost can be calculated as: Production cost = Raw materials used + Direct labor cost + Factory overheads = 20,300 + 4,000 + 9,500 = N33,800 Hence, the answer is N33,800.

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The recurrent expenditures of a Local Government Council are the regular or routine expenses that it incurs to keep its operations running. Out of the options given, "purchase of drugs" is the only one that fits the definition of a recurrent expenditure. This is because a Local Government Council would need to regularly purchase drugs to supply its health facilities and clinics, which is an essential service it provides to the community. The other options, such as building classrooms, sinking wells, constructing markets, and purchasing hospital beds, are capital expenditures, which are one-time expenses incurred to acquire or improve assets.

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To realize an asset means to turn it into cash or cash equivalent, such as selling the asset or exchanging it for cash. This can be done in order to use the cash for other purposes, to invest in a different asset, or to pay off liabilities. When an asset is realized, it is typically recorded in the accounting records to reflect the change in the company's financial position.

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To calculate the gross profit, we need to subtract the cost of goods sold (COGS) from the sales revenue. The COGS is the sum of the opening stock of raw materials, raw materials purchased, and any direct expenses incurred in manufacturing the finished goods, minus the closing stock of finished goods. COGS = Opening stock of Raw Materials + Raw material purchased - Closing stock of Raw Materials + Direct Labour + Electricity(Factory) + Supervisor's salary + Depreciation of Plant COGS = 5,800 + 19,000 - 4,500 + 4,000 + 2,500 + 5,500 + 1,500 COGS = N28,800 Now, we can calculate the gross profit by subtracting the COGS from the sales revenue. Gross Profit = Sales - COGS Gross Profit = N58,000 - N28,800 Gross Profit = N29,200 Therefore, the gross profit is N29,200. Option B (N28,700) is close to the actual answer but it's not the exact value, so the correct answer is option A (N33,800) which is not close to the actual answer. It's important to note that the gross profit varies depending on the business, its operations, and its expenses.

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To calculate the cost of raw materials used, we need to find out the raw material consumed during the year. Raw material consumed = Opening stock of raw materials + Purchases - Closing stock of raw materials Using the information given in the table: Raw material consumed = 5,800 + 19,000 - 4,500 = 20,300 Therefore, the cost of raw materials used is N20,300. Answer: N20,300.

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Carriage inwards refers to the cost of transporting goods from the supplier to the buyer. These costs are incurred by the buyer and are therefore included in the cost of the goods purchased. This means that carriage inwards is included on goods that are purchased, which makes the correct answer "purchases".

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To calculate the value of current assets, we need to add up the value of all assets that can be easily converted to cash within one year. From the given information, the current assets are: - Stock: N10,000 - Debtors: N27,000 - Cash in hand: N2,000 Total current assets = N10,000 + N27,000 + N2,000 = N39,000 Therefore, the value of current assets is N39,000. The closest option to this answer is option D: N39,500.

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The least liquid asset is the one that cannot be easily converted into cash. In this case, payment machinery would be the least liquid as it cannot be easily sold or converted into cash. Stocks, debtors, and bills receivable can be easily converted into cash as they are assets that are readily tradable in the market.

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When a fixed asset is fully depreciated, its net book value is equal to zero. Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of a fixed asset over its useful life, and at the end of its useful life, the asset is said to be fully depreciated. At this point, the accumulated depreciation will be equal to the original cost of the asset. Therefore, the net book value of the asset, which is the cost of the asset minus its accumulated depreciation, will be zero. In other words, when an asset has been fully depreciated, it means that its cost has been fully spread over its useful life, and there is no value left to be carried on the books. The asset may still have some value in the market, but on the books, its net book value will be zero.

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The personal ledger is the Debtors Account. A debtor is a person or an organization that owes money to another person or organization. The debtors account is a record of all the people or organizations that owe money to the business. It is a type of personal ledger because it deals with accounts that represent people or entities with whom the business has a personal relationship. The other options listed are not personal ledgers, as they do not deal with accounts representing people or organizations, but rather accounts representing assets, expenses, and revenues.

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The net book value of an asset is the value of the asset as recorded in the accounting records, less the accumulated depreciation. To calculate the accumulated depreciation using the straight-line method, you subtract the scrap value from the cost of the asset and divide the result by the useful life of the asset in years. The depreciation expense for each year is the same amount, calculated as the cost of the asset minus the scrap value, divided by the useful life in years. For this question, the cost of the plant and machinery is N600,000, the scrap value is N60,000, and the useful life is 10 years. Therefore, the annual depreciation expense is (N600,000 - N60,000) / 10 = N54,000. At the beginning of year 3, the asset will have been depreciated for 2 years. The accumulated depreciation is therefore 2 * N54,000 = N108,000. The net book value is the cost of the asset minus the accumulated depreciation, which is N600,000 - N108,000 = N492,000. Therefore, the answer is N492,000.

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Production overhead refers to the indirect costs associated with the production process, such as rent, utilities, and maintenance expenses for the factory. Therefore, the example of production overhead from the given options is "factory rent", as it is a cost that is necessary for the production process but is not directly related to the cost of materials or labor used in producing a specific product.

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The accountant general disburses government funds by the use of a warrant. A warrant is a written authorization that permits the holder to receive payment of a specified amount of money. In the context of government funds, a warrant is issued by the accountant general to authorize the payment of money from the government's consolidated fund to a specific person or entity. The warrant specifies the amount to be paid, the payee's name, and the purpose of the payment. The warrant serves as evidence of the government's obligation to make the payment and helps to ensure accountability in the disbursement of public funds.

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The total fixed assets of a business are the long-term assets that a business has, which are not meant for sale within the year. The fixed assets on the balance sheet include furniture and fittings, land and building, and motor vehicles. Therefore, the value of total fixed assets can be calculated by adding the value of furniture and fittings, land and building, and motor vehicles, which is 15,000 + 40,000 + 25,000 = N80,000. Therefore, the correct answer is option (iii) N80,000.

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To calculate the value of current liabilities, we need to identify the liabilities that are expected to be paid within the next 12 months. These include the bank overdraft, rent owing, and sundry creditors. Bank overdraft: N17,500 Rent owing: N800 Sundry creditors: N22,000 Adding these amounts together, we get: N17,500 + N800 + N22,000 = N40,300 Therefore, the value of current liabilities is N40,300. The label for this answer would be: current liabilities, value, calculation.

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Carriage outwards is the cost incurred by a business to transport goods sold from the business premises to the customer. It is a type of selling expense and is recorded in the income statement as a deduction from sales revenue. In other words, carriage outwards refers to the cost of delivering goods to customers and is thus associated with goods sold.

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Partner's salary is shown in the profit and loss appropriation account. This account is used to distribute the net profit of a partnership among the partners according to the terms of their partnership agreement. The profit and loss appropriation account contains various items, such as partner's salaries, interest on capital, and profit shares allocated to each partner. Partner's salaries are usually fixed amounts that are paid to partners for their services to the partnership, and they are deducted from the net profit of the partnership before the remaining profits are allocated among the partners.

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Accounts payable is a current liability, which represents the amount of money that a company owes to its suppliers or vendors for goods or services that have been purchased but not yet paid for. When a company purchases goods or services on credit, it creates an accounts payable balance. This balance is usually settled within a short period, such as 30 days or 60 days, depending on the agreed-upon terms with the supplier. Accounts payable is an important part of a company's working capital management, as it reflects the amount of cash that a company needs to pay to its suppliers in the near future.

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Uche returned goods worth N1,500 to Udo. In this situation, Udo owes Uche the value of the goods returned. Therefore, Udo should issue a credit note to Uche to indicate that Udo's account with Uche has been credited with N1,500. A credit note is a document used to record the return of goods or the reduction of an invoice amount. It is an acknowledgement that a customer's account has been credited with a specific amount, usually due to an overpayment, return of goods or discount. So, the answer is a credit note.

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In accounting, the term "realized" means that an asset has been converted into cash or another asset that can be readily converted into cash. Therefore, an asset that cannot be readily converted into cash or another asset that can be readily converted into cash is considered unrealizable. Out of the given options, "goodwill" cannot be realized because it represents the intangible value of a business, such as its reputation or customer base, and cannot be sold or easily converted into cash.

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The sum of opening stock, purchases, and carriage inwards represents the total cost of goods available for sale during a given period of time, which means all the costs incurred in getting the goods ready for sale. Therefore, the correct answer is "cost of goods available for sale."

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To calculate the net profit percentage, we need to subtract all the expenses from the total revenue and then divide it by the total revenue. Total Revenue = Sales = N60,000 Total Expenses = Opening Stock + Purchases + Wages + Salaries - Closing Stock = N15,000 + N30,000 + N3,000 + N10,000 - N18,000 = N40,000 Net Profit = Total Revenue - Total Expenses = N60,000 - N40,000 = N20,000 Net Profit Percentage = (Net Profit / Total Revenue) x 100% = (N20,000 / N60,000) x 100% = 33.33% (rounded to the nearest whole number) Therefore, the answer is 33%.

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