JAMB UTME - Principles of Accounts - 2006

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A private company is different from a public company because it cannot invite members of the public to subscribe for its shares. A private company is usually owned by a small group of individuals or family members who typically have a personal connection to the company. In contrast, a public company is owned by a larger number of shareholders who may or may not have a personal connection to the company. One of the key differences between a private and public company is the way they raise funds. A public company can issue shares to members of the public and can raise a significant amount of capital in this way. In contrast, a private company cannot offer its shares to members of the public for subscription. Instead, it must rely on its existing shareholders or other private sources of funding to raise capital. Another key difference is the level of disclosure required. Public companies are subject to more stringent reporting and disclosure requirements, including the requirement to file periodic financial reports with regulatory authorities. Private companies are generally subject to less regulation and have more flexibility in terms of their reporting requirements. In summary, a private company is a business that is owned by a small group of individuals and cannot invite members of the public to subscribe for its shares.

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The entry of ₦7000 as credit sales in Abba's account is an error of commission. An error of commission is an error that occurs when a transaction is recorded in the wrong account, but the debit and credit amounts are still equal. In this case, Adaobi entered the ₦7000 in the wrong account, as credit sales instead of another account, but the total debits and credits still balance. In contrast, an error of omission occurs when a transaction is not recorded at all, while an error of principle occurs when a transaction is recorded in the wrong category of account (e.g. as an asset instead of a liability). Finally, a compensating error occurs when two errors are made that cancel each other out, such as an overstatement of an asset and an overstatement of a liability by the same amount.

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The yearly depreciation expense using the straight-line method is ₦11,000. To calculate this, you would start by subtracting the residual value (₦1000) from the initial cost (₦56,000) to get the total depreciation (₦55,000). Then, you divide the total depreciation by the useful life of the machine (5 years) to get the yearly depreciation expense, which is ₦11,000. This means that each year for the next five years, the value of the machine will decrease by ₦11,000 until it reaches its residual value of ₦1,000 at the end of its useful life.

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To find the value of Y, we need to calculate the total credits and debits up to Jan. 30, and then subtract the total debits from the total credits to get the final balance, which is equal to Y. Total Credits = Opening Balance + Aliyu A.K.'s payment = ₦10,000 + ₦3,000 = ₦13,000 Total Debits = Bashir A.K.'s payment + Usman A.D.'s payment + Sule A.S.'s payment + X's payment = ₦1,000 + ₦1,500 + ₦500 + ₦1,500 = ₦4,500 Final balance = Total Credits - Total Debits = ₦13,000 - ₦4,500 = ₦8,500 Therefore, the value of Y is ₦8,500.

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Departmentalization of accounts is useful because it shows the overall performance of a division. By dividing the company into departments, each department's performance can be tracked and analyzed separately. This can help in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each department and finding ways to improve their performance. Departmentalization also allows for better cost control and helps in determining the profitability of each department. Overall, departmentalization of accounts provides useful insights into the performance of different segments of the company, which can be used to make informed decisions and improve overall company performance.

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To find the profit for the period, we need to calculate the difference between the January and December assets, and then adjust for any drawings made by the proprietor during the year. The change in assets over the period is: December assets - January assets = ₦25,320 - ₦28,320 = -₦3,000 A negative change in assets means that assets decreased over the period, which could be due to losses or drawings made by the proprietor. To adjust for the proprietor's drawings, we need to add them back to the decrease in assets: -₦3,000 + (₦755 x 12) = ₦6,060 Now we can calculate the profit for the period by subtracting the increase in liabilities from the adjusted change in assets: ₦6,060 - (₦10,320 - ₦5,620) = ₦1,360 Therefore, the profit for the period is ₦1,360. Answer: ₦1,360

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The growing of trade and commerce was a major factor that enhanced the early development of accounting. As trade and commerce expanded, the need to keep track of financial transactions became essential. Merchants needed to keep accurate records of their transactions to monitor their financial positions, profits and losses, and tax liabilities. This led to the development of accounting principles and practices. Accounting enabled merchants to keep track of their transactions and provided the necessary information for decision-making. Therefore, the growing of trade and commerce was a catalyst for the development of accounting as a profession.

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To determine the bank balance at the end of the month, we need to calculate the total amount of cash and cheques deposited in the bank, and the total amount of cash and cheques that have been issued or withdrawn from the bank. From the given cash book, we can see that: - The opening bank balance was ₦5,000. - There were no bank deposits during the month. - Cheques amounting to ₦800 were issued during the month. - There were no withdrawals from the bank during the month. - The closing bank balance was recorded as ₦6,500. Therefore, the bank balance at the end of the month is ₦6,500. The correct answer to the question is option B: ₦6,500.

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If the head office sent goods to its branch at cost plus a mark-up of 25%, it means that the selling price to the branch is 125% of the cost price. To find the cost price of the goods, we need to divide the debit of ₦40,000 by 1.25, which is the same as multiplying it by 0.8 (since 1/1.25 = 0.8). Therefore, Cost Price = ₦40,000/1.25 = ₦32,000. The profit made by the head office on this transaction is the difference between the cost price and the selling price. Selling Price = Cost Price + Mark-up = ₦32,000 + (25% x ₦32,000) = ₦40,000. Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price = ₦40,000 - ₦32,000 = ₦8,000. Therefore, the answer is ₦8,000.

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To find the factory overhead, we need to first determine the production department's share of the lighting and heating costs. The lighting cost is ₦10,000, and the production department's share is 1/4, so their portion of the lighting cost is: 1/4 x ₦10,000 = ₦2,500 The heating cost is ₦15,000, and the production department's share is 1/2, so their portion of the heating cost is: 1/2 x ₦15,000 = ₦7,500 Therefore, the total production department's share of the overhead cost is: ₦2,500 + ₦7,500 = ₦10,000 We can now find the factory overhead by subtracting the prime cost and the production department's share of the overhead from the total cost of lighting and heating: Total cost of lighting and heating = ₦10,000 + ₦15,000 = ₦25,000 Factory overhead = ₦25,000 - ₦12,100 - ₦10,000 = ₦2,900 Therefore, the factory overhead is ₦2,900. Answer option (iv) is the closest to this value.

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The source document for the preparation of the debtors' ledger account is the sales invoice. When a business sells goods or services on credit to a customer, a sales invoice is created as a source document to record the transaction. The sales invoice contains information such as the date of the sale, the amount of the sale, the name of the customer, and the terms of the credit sale. This information is then used to update the debtor's ledger account. The debtor's ledger account is a record of all the transactions between the business and the customer, and it shows the customer's outstanding balance at any given time. By using the sales invoice as the source document, the business can accurately record and track the amount owed by the customer, as well as any payments received and adjustments made. In contrast, a debit note is a document used to request payment from a customer who has an outstanding balance, a purchases invoice is used as a source document for the preparation of the creditors' ledger account, and a general journal is used for recording transactions that do not have a specific source document.

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The concept referred to in the question is materiality. Materiality is an accounting principle that states that an item or transaction should be recorded and reported in the financial statements if it is material or significant enough to affect the financial statements' users' decision-making process. In the case of stationary that will be used over a long period of time, it is not material enough to be recorded as an asset because it will not have a significant impact on the financial statements. Therefore, it is recorded as an expense when it is used.

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The objective of a trading account is to establish the gross profit earned or loss incurred by a business during a particular accounting period. It shows the direct expenses incurred in relation to the goods sold and the revenue earned from the sale of goods. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold from the net sales revenue. By subtracting other indirect expenses like operating expenses, taxes, and interest from gross profit, the net profit or loss of the business can be determined. Therefore, the correct option is "gross profit".

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