Development Of A Nation: Unification Of Italy, 1848-70
Übersicht
In 1848 the word Italy described a peninsula, not a country. It contained seven separate states, an Austrian province, a Pope who ruled a strip of central territory as a monarch, and a set of customs barriers that made trading between Milan and Naples harder than trading with France. Twenty-two years later almost all of it answered to one king in Rome.
How that happened is a genuinely contested question. Was Italy unified by Cavour's diplomacy, by Garibaldi's volunteers, by the calculations of Napoleon III and Bismarck, or by a popular movement that both Cavour and Garibaldi were riding rather than leading? This note gives you the sequence accurately and then shows you how to argue about it.
Ziele
- The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states: causes including new constitutions in Tuscany and Piedmont, Mazzini's failed revolt, reasons for failure, legacy including Victor Emmanuel and the Statuto, Austrian dominance, impact on the papacy
- Developments in Piedmont, 1849-54: political developments, the rule of Victor Emmanuel II, the appointment of Cavour and his financial and domestic reforms, economic expansion, policies to reduce the influence of the Church
- The defeat of Austria, 1854-59: Piedmont's relationship with Austria, the Crimean War, causes of the Second Italian War of Independence, relations with Napoleon III, the Orsini Affair, the Pact of Plombieres, battles of Magenta and Solferino, the Treaty of Villafranca
- Garibaldi and the Papal States: Garibaldi's motives for intervention in Naples and Sicily, his relationship with Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II, proclamation of Kingdom of Italy, successes in Sicily and Naples
- Venice and Rome and the extent of unification by 1870: obstacles to unity after 1861, the Austro-Prussian War, union with Venetia, the problem of Rome, Garibaldi's diplomacy, the Franco-Prussian War, acquisition of Rome, factors promoting and working against unity
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- At which battle in March 1849 was Piedmont decisively defeated, leading to Charles Albert's abdication? A) Custoza B) Novara C) Magenta D) Solferino Answer: B
- What did Piedmont agree to give France under the Pact of Plombieres in July 1858? A) Lombardy and Venetia B) Nice and Savoy C) Sicily and Naples D) Parma and Modena Answer: B
- Where did Garibaldi's Thousand land in Sicily in May 1860? A) Palermo B) Messina C) Marsala D) Milazzo Answer: C
- How did Italy gain Venetia in 1866? A) By defeating Austria at Custoza and Lissa B) Through Prussia's defeat of Austria, after which Austria ceded it to France to pass to Italy C) By a plebiscite organised by Cavour D) By purchase from the Pope Answer: B
- Why were Italian troops able to take Rome in September 1870? A) The Pope invited them in B) Garibaldi defeated the French at Mentana C) The French garrison was withdrawn because of the Franco-Prussian War D) Austria surrendered the city Answer: C
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