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Frage 1 Bericht
(a) State six causes of low egg production in chicken
(b) Name three parts of the digestive system of pigs.
(c) Enumerate six ways ways in which cattle production is important in West Africa.
(d) State five uses of poultry eggs.
(a) Causes of low egg production in chicken:
(i) Age of birds/moulting (ii) Incidence of diseases (iii) Pest infestation
(iv) Unfavourable weather/photoperiodism (v) Poor housing/ ventilation
(vi) Poor feeding/malnutrition/ tinder nutrition/inadequate feeding (vii) Types of breed (viii) Broodiness (ix) Poor/inadequate water supply/in-take
(x) Poor illumination
(xi) Incidence of predators (xii) Poor sanitation/hygiene (xiii) Noise pollution.
(b) Parts of the digestive system of pigs: (i) Mouth/ teeth/tongue/salivary gland (ii) Gullet/oesophagus/throat/ gut/ food pipe (iii) Stomach (iv) Liver (v) Pancreas (vi) Gall bladder/bile duct
(vii) Small intestine/duodenum/Jejunum/ileum (vii) Large intestines/caecum/colon/rectum (viii)Anus
(c) Importance of cattle production! (i) Source of meat/protein (ii) Source of milk (iii) used on farms for traction/work power
(iv) Source of employment (v) Source of income/investment (vi) For social and cultural purposes
(vii) Skin for producing leather/raw materials for industry (viii) Source of organic manure
(ix) Transportation/beast of burden (x) Source of animal feed (blood meal, bone meal
(xi)Source of foreign exchange (xii) Education/research (xiii) Exhibition/livestock shows
(xiv) Aesthetic/decoration materials, e.g horn, hoof, teeth, tail.
(d) Uses of poultry eggs: (i) Eaten as food by humans/source of protein in human diets (ii) Sources of income to farmers
(iii) Raw material for industries/ confectioneries/preservatives/vaccine/medical products
(iv) Could be a source of foreign exchange
(v) Used for research/education (vii) For cultural/religious/purposes of feed/protein or minerals for (viii) animals (ix) Exhibition/egg show.
Antwortdetails
(a) Causes of low egg production in chicken:
(i) Age of birds/moulting (ii) Incidence of diseases (iii) Pest infestation
(iv) Unfavourable weather/photoperiodism (v) Poor housing/ ventilation
(vi) Poor feeding/malnutrition/ tinder nutrition/inadequate feeding (vii) Types of breed (viii) Broodiness (ix) Poor/inadequate water supply/in-take
(x) Poor illumination
(xi) Incidence of predators (xii) Poor sanitation/hygiene (xiii) Noise pollution.
(b) Parts of the digestive system of pigs: (i) Mouth/ teeth/tongue/salivary gland (ii) Gullet/oesophagus/throat/ gut/ food pipe (iii) Stomach (iv) Liver (v) Pancreas (vi) Gall bladder/bile duct
(vii) Small intestine/duodenum/Jejunum/ileum (vii) Large intestines/caecum/colon/rectum (viii)Anus
(c) Importance of cattle production! (i) Source of meat/protein (ii) Source of milk (iii) used on farms for traction/work power
(iv) Source of employment (v) Source of income/investment (vi) For social and cultural purposes
(vii) Skin for producing leather/raw materials for industry (viii) Source of organic manure
(ix) Transportation/beast of burden (x) Source of animal feed (blood meal, bone meal
(xi)Source of foreign exchange (xii) Education/research (xiii) Exhibition/livestock shows
(xiv) Aesthetic/decoration materials, e.g horn, hoof, teeth, tail.
(d) Uses of poultry eggs: (i) Eaten as food by humans/source of protein in human diets (ii) Sources of income to farmers
(iii) Raw material for industries/ confectioneries/preservatives/vaccine/medical products
(iv) Could be a source of foreign exchange
(v) Used for research/education (vii) For cultural/religious/purposes of feed/protein or minerals for (viii) animals (ix) Exhibition/egg show.
Frage 2 Bericht
(a) State five differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken.
(b) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal production:
(I) rumination;
(ii) coprophagy.
(c) Give one reason for carrying out each of the following practices in livestock production:
(i) creep feeding; (ii) steaming-up; (iii) flushing.
(d)(i) State four ways in which rangelands are important. (ii) List four practices that could be carried out to improve pastures.
(a) Differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken
| Goat | Chicken |
| has lips | has beak |
| has teeth for grinding | has gizzard for grinding |
| has complex stomach | has simple stomach |
| presence of rumen | presence of crop |
| bacterial digestion takes place in the rumen | bacterial digestion takes place in the caecum |
| complex stomach faciilitate regurgitation | simple stomach facilitate direct digestion |
(b) Explanation of terms used in animal production
(i) Rumination
- Process by which ruminants regurgitate through anti peristaltic movement of fibrous feed, re-chew and reswallow the food into the reticulum.
- The process of chewing of cud
- It reduces the particle size of digesta for microbial action.
- It takes place when animal is resting.
(ii) Coprophagy
- process by which some animals like rabbit
reingest their faeces
- It helps the animal recover microbial protein and minerals lost from the caecum.
(c) Reason for carrying out the following practices
(i) Creep feeding
- to supplement the milk of young livestock
to introduce young livestock to solid feed
weaning
- to facilitate early weaning
(ii) Steaming up
- For development of udder and milk synthesis
- It gives pregnant animals strength for parturition.
- It gives the foetus the right birth weight/condition.
- It enhances the fetal immunity reduction of
foetal/offspring mortality.
- It promotes maximum milk production.
(iii) Flushing
- To increase the chance of conception/ ovulation
- To increase the incidence or multiple birth
(d) (i) Importance of rangelands
- Ensure all season feeding of livestock
- Provide material [Or forage preservation/hay/silage
- Serve as areas for livestock to exercise their
body
- Help to reduce soil erosion
- They facilitate pasture mating
- Reduce cost of for grazing animals
- Provide soilage for feeding livestock
- Serve as forage bank for establishment of pasture
- Provision of gras% and legume
(ii) Practices that improve pasture
- Reseeding/ replanting
- Controlled burning
- Fencing/ paddocking/controlled grazing
- Use of Manure / Fertiliser
- Weed control
- Irrigation
- Disease control
- Correct stocking rate
- Pest control
- Ploughing/pulverisation
- Planting of resistance varieties of forage
- Erosion control
- Planting of grass- legume mixture
- Liming
Antwortdetails
(a) Differences between the digestive systems of a goat and a chicken
| Goat | Chicken |
| has lips | has beak |
| has teeth for grinding | has gizzard for grinding |
| has complex stomach | has simple stomach |
| presence of rumen | presence of crop |
| bacterial digestion takes place in the rumen | bacterial digestion takes place in the caecum |
| complex stomach faciilitate regurgitation | simple stomach facilitate direct digestion |
(b) Explanation of terms used in animal production
(i) Rumination
- Process by which ruminants regurgitate through anti peristaltic movement of fibrous feed, re-chew and reswallow the food into the reticulum.
- The process of chewing of cud
- It reduces the particle size of digesta for microbial action.
- It takes place when animal is resting.
(ii) Coprophagy
- process by which some animals like rabbit
reingest their faeces
- It helps the animal recover microbial protein and minerals lost from the caecum.
(c) Reason for carrying out the following practices
(i) Creep feeding
- to supplement the milk of young livestock
to introduce young livestock to solid feed
weaning
- to facilitate early weaning
(ii) Steaming up
- For development of udder and milk synthesis
- It gives pregnant animals strength for parturition.
- It gives the foetus the right birth weight/condition.
- It enhances the fetal immunity reduction of
foetal/offspring mortality.
- It promotes maximum milk production.
(iii) Flushing
- To increase the chance of conception/ ovulation
- To increase the incidence or multiple birth
(d) (i) Importance of rangelands
- Ensure all season feeding of livestock
- Provide material [Or forage preservation/hay/silage
- Serve as areas for livestock to exercise their
body
- Help to reduce soil erosion
- They facilitate pasture mating
- Reduce cost of for grazing animals
- Provide soilage for feeding livestock
- Serve as forage bank for establishment of pasture
- Provision of gras% and legume
(ii) Practices that improve pasture
- Reseeding/ replanting
- Controlled burning
- Fencing/ paddocking/controlled grazing
- Use of Manure / Fertiliser
- Weed control
- Irrigation
- Disease control
- Correct stocking rate
- Pest control
- Ploughing/pulverisation
- Planting of resistance varieties of forage
- Erosion control
- Planting of grass- legume mixture
- Liming
Frage 3 Bericht
(a)(i) Explain the term malnutrition as used in Animal Husbandry. (ii) If 10,000 layers were fed with a diet containing 60% maize, I.5% fishmeal, 289% groundnut cake, and I.5% oyster shell name the limiting ingredients that are not included in the diet. (iii) State two importance of each of the nutrients named in 2 (a)(ii).
(b). Give two reasons why a poultry farmer should keep farm records. c. State four ways in which liver fluke could be prevented from completing its life cycle.
a(i). Explanation of malnutrition in animal husbandry. - Malnutrition is a condition caused by feeding animals a diet that is deficient in essential nutrients, -It is a condition resulting from feeding animals with a diet in excess of essential nutrients. - It could also occur when an animal cannot utilize nutrients in feed given, due to ill health, stress, or other factors, – It could occur when the right quantity of feed is not given to the animal. -Nutrients in the feed are not in the right proportions. (ii). Limiting ingredients that are not included in the diet. -Fibre source c.g. wheat offal, rice bran, maize offal, PKC. - Mineral- vitamin premix. -Common salt/table salt. -Toxin binder/detoxifier. - Vegetable oil/ palm oil- (iii). Importance of limiting ingredients - Fibre - Adds bulk to the feed. - Improves bowel movement. - Improves digestibility. - Reduces incidence of diarrhea in farm animals. -Minerals vitamin premix. -Useful in egg formation. - Improves immunity against disease. – Aids proper absorption of nutrients. – Used in bone formation -Common Salt- Improves palatability. - Promotes activities of enzymes. Supplies sodium and chlorine to the animal. -Increases feed intake. - Improves water intake. - Vegetable Oil/Palm oil -Reduce dustiness of feed. - Improve palatability/acceptability. Improve energy content of the feed.- Improve carotene or vitamin A content of feed. -Toxin Binder/detoxifier - Binds toxin in feed/ - Growth promoter. - Builds immunity. – Traps fungal pathogens.
b.Reasons for keeping farm records by a poultry farmer. - Shows the financial position of the farm. - Enables the farmer to know all the activities carried out on the farm. -For taking management decisions/planning. - For estimating annual tax. – Necessary in obtaining loans. - Helps to detect fraudulent practices on the farm. - Enables the farmer to detect changes in prices. – Used for computing farmer's net worth/farm inventory. - Serves as a requirement to receive awards/levies. -Aids appropriate budgeting. – For purpose of auditing. To assess productivity.
c.Ways of preventing liver fluke from completing its life cycle. - Periodic burning of pasture. - Use of clean, uncontaminated water. -Use of lime to prevent eggs from hatching/liming. Elimination of water snails by introducing docks, -Controls of weeds in ponds and riversides, - Avoid grazing animals on marshy areas. Ensure proper drainage of pasture lands.
Antwortdetails
a(i). Explanation of malnutrition in animal husbandry. - Malnutrition is a condition caused by feeding animals a diet that is deficient in essential nutrients, -It is a condition resulting from feeding animals with a diet in excess of essential nutrients. - It could also occur when an animal cannot utilize nutrients in feed given, due to ill health, stress, or other factors, – It could occur when the right quantity of feed is not given to the animal. -Nutrients in the feed are not in the right proportions. (ii). Limiting ingredients that are not included in the diet. -Fibre source c.g. wheat offal, rice bran, maize offal, PKC. - Mineral- vitamin premix. -Common salt/table salt. -Toxin binder/detoxifier. - Vegetable oil/ palm oil- (iii). Importance of limiting ingredients - Fibre - Adds bulk to the feed. - Improves bowel movement. - Improves digestibility. - Reduces incidence of diarrhea in farm animals. -Minerals vitamin premix. -Useful in egg formation. - Improves immunity against disease. – Aids proper absorption of nutrients. – Used in bone formation -Common Salt- Improves palatability. - Promotes activities of enzymes. Supplies sodium and chlorine to the animal. -Increases feed intake. - Improves water intake. - Vegetable Oil/Palm oil -Reduce dustiness of feed. - Improve palatability/acceptability. Improve energy content of the feed.- Improve carotene or vitamin A content of feed. -Toxin Binder/detoxifier - Binds toxin in feed/ - Growth promoter. - Builds immunity. – Traps fungal pathogens.
b.Reasons for keeping farm records by a poultry farmer. - Shows the financial position of the farm. - Enables the farmer to know all the activities carried out on the farm. -For taking management decisions/planning. - For estimating annual tax. – Necessary in obtaining loans. - Helps to detect fraudulent practices on the farm. - Enables the farmer to detect changes in prices. – Used for computing farmer's net worth/farm inventory. - Serves as a requirement to receive awards/levies. -Aids appropriate budgeting. – For purpose of auditing. To assess productivity.
c.Ways of preventing liver fluke from completing its life cycle. - Periodic burning of pasture. - Use of clean, uncontaminated water. -Use of lime to prevent eggs from hatching/liming. Elimination of water snails by introducing docks, -Controls of weeds in ponds and riversides, - Avoid grazing animals on marshy areas. Ensure proper drainage of pasture lands.
Frage 4 Bericht
(a) State 6 activities that could be carried out in the brooding of chicks
(b) Explain each of the following management practices in poultry production
i. deworming
ii. culling
iii. debeaking
iv. delousing
(c) State four signs of ill health in poultry
(d) Mention to organs in the circulatory system of farm animals
(a) Activities that could be Carried out in the Brooding of Chicks:
- Disinfect brooder house
- Remove chicks from transportation box.
- Inspect the chicks for fitness.
- Introduce heat source
- Observe the behaviour of birds in relation to heat and make adjustments.
- Change litter appropriately
- Provide feed adlibitum.
- Provide water adlibitum.
- Clean and wash drinkers and feeders
- Gradually increase the space available to chicks as they grow older.
- Administer appropriately vaccination and drugs.
- Provide adequate ventilation in the brooder house.
- Provide adequate illumination
- Inspect chicks regularly to remove dead ones.
- Separate/cull weak birds.
- Gradually decrease the temperature as birds grow older.
- Culling of chicks.
- Provide wood shavings/ spread wood shavings.
(b) Explanation of management practices in poultry production:
(i) Deworming:
- Use of drugs to eliminate endoparasite.
- lt is done at six weeks of age and repeated every three months.
- lt can be done through injection or oral administration.
(ii) Culling:
- Removal of unproductive unwanted birds from the flock either sale o disposal.
- Culled birds are never returned.
(iii) Debeaking:
- This is the partial cutting/trimming of the upper beak when the bird is 8-10 weeks old.
- lt is done with a debeaker /knife scalpel/blade.
- lt is done to prevent cannibalism and egg pecking
- lt is mostly useful in cocks and lavers.
(iv) Delousing:
- lt is the removal of lice from the body of birds.
- lt is dene b dusting or careful dipping of birds in insecticide or by oral administration or injection.
c) Signs of ill health in poultry:
- Reduced appetite/ feed intake.
- Emaciation loss of weight.
- Dul appearance of wattle and comb.
- Reduced egg production/productivity.
- Huddling of chicks
- Diarrhoea.
- Ruffled feathers.
- Occular discharge eye discharge.
- Difieult breathing.
- Drooping o wings.
- High temperature/fever.
- Discolouration of droppings.
- Swollen body e.g leg. head Excessive salivation.
-Isolation
- Coma.
- Constipation.
- Anaemia.
- Twisted neck.
- Coughing.
- Restlessness.
(d) Organs in the circulatory system of farm animals:
- Heart Arteries blood vessels-Veins blood vessels.
- Capillaries blood vessels.
Antwortdetails
(a) Activities that could be Carried out in the Brooding of Chicks:
- Disinfect brooder house
- Remove chicks from transportation box.
- Inspect the chicks for fitness.
- Introduce heat source
- Observe the behaviour of birds in relation to heat and make adjustments.
- Change litter appropriately
- Provide feed adlibitum.
- Provide water adlibitum.
- Clean and wash drinkers and feeders
- Gradually increase the space available to chicks as they grow older.
- Administer appropriately vaccination and drugs.
- Provide adequate ventilation in the brooder house.
- Provide adequate illumination
- Inspect chicks regularly to remove dead ones.
- Separate/cull weak birds.
- Gradually decrease the temperature as birds grow older.
- Culling of chicks.
- Provide wood shavings/ spread wood shavings.
(b) Explanation of management practices in poultry production:
(i) Deworming:
- Use of drugs to eliminate endoparasite.
- lt is done at six weeks of age and repeated every three months.
- lt can be done through injection or oral administration.
(ii) Culling:
- Removal of unproductive unwanted birds from the flock either sale o disposal.
- Culled birds are never returned.
(iii) Debeaking:
- This is the partial cutting/trimming of the upper beak when the bird is 8-10 weeks old.
- lt is done with a debeaker /knife scalpel/blade.
- lt is done to prevent cannibalism and egg pecking
- lt is mostly useful in cocks and lavers.
(iv) Delousing:
- lt is the removal of lice from the body of birds.
- lt is dene b dusting or careful dipping of birds in insecticide or by oral administration or injection.
c) Signs of ill health in poultry:
- Reduced appetite/ feed intake.
- Emaciation loss of weight.
- Dul appearance of wattle and comb.
- Reduced egg production/productivity.
- Huddling of chicks
- Diarrhoea.
- Ruffled feathers.
- Occular discharge eye discharge.
- Difieult breathing.
- Drooping o wings.
- High temperature/fever.
- Discolouration of droppings.
- Swollen body e.g leg. head Excessive salivation.
-Isolation
- Coma.
- Constipation.
- Anaemia.
- Twisted neck.
- Coughing.
- Restlessness.
(d) Organs in the circulatory system of farm animals:
- Heart Arteries blood vessels-Veins blood vessels.
- Capillaries blood vessels.
Frage 5 Bericht
(a)(i) Draw and label four parts of a land snail. (ii) State four features of a good housing unit for rearing snails. (ii) Name three predators of land snail.
(b) Mention three insect pests of sheep.
(c) State four in which the productivity of farm animals could be enhanced.
(a)(i) Diagram of a land snail above
(a)(ii) Features of a good housing unit for rearing snails: -It must have shade. -Must be secured against pests/protection. -It should contain loam soil rich in humus. -Housing unit must be escape roof. -It must be well ventilated. -Separate apartment for adult snails and young snails (snailets). -Environment must be moist/humid. -Must facilitate easy cleaning/ease of management. -Avoid excess light in the snail pen. -Soil must not be acidic. -Secured against predators. -Protect snails from excessive wind/wind proof. -Soil should be sandy to minimize waterlogging. -Sufficient space for snails to graze freely.
(a)(iii) Predators of land snail: -Frogs. -Snakes. -Rodents/rats -Monitor lizards. -Agamma lizard. Shrews. -Hawk. -Crow. -Millipede. -Centipede. -Firefly larvae, -Salamander. -Beetles. -Mites. Nematodes. -Spider. -Bear. -Crab. -Cat. -Dog. -Toads.
(b) Insect pests of sheep: -Wool maggot/ maggot. -Housefly. -Botfly/warble flies. -Sheep lice/lice. -Biting midges/mites. -Black flies. -Mosquitoes. -Stable fly. -T'setse fly.
(c) Ways of enhancing the productivity of farm animals: -Thrcugh animal improvement methods/introduction/Selection/Breeding/Artificial insemination. -Ensure proper sanitation/ cleanliness. -Isolation of sick animals. -Quarantine of newly introduced animals/stock. -Adopt good disease control measures. -Adopt good pest control measures. -Use of improved feed and feedstuff/ improved nutrition/balanced diet. -Avoid inbreeding. -Provision of adequate water. -Use of appropriate drügs. -Use of appropriate vaccines. -Keeping up-to-date records. -Replace damaged structures. - Ensure proper biosecurity.
Antwortdetails
(a)(i) Diagram of a land snail above
(a)(ii) Features of a good housing unit for rearing snails: -It must have shade. -Must be secured against pests/protection. -It should contain loam soil rich in humus. -Housing unit must be escape roof. -It must be well ventilated. -Separate apartment for adult snails and young snails (snailets). -Environment must be moist/humid. -Must facilitate easy cleaning/ease of management. -Avoid excess light in the snail pen. -Soil must not be acidic. -Secured against predators. -Protect snails from excessive wind/wind proof. -Soil should be sandy to minimize waterlogging. -Sufficient space for snails to graze freely.
(a)(iii) Predators of land snail: -Frogs. -Snakes. -Rodents/rats -Monitor lizards. -Agamma lizard. Shrews. -Hawk. -Crow. -Millipede. -Centipede. -Firefly larvae, -Salamander. -Beetles. -Mites. Nematodes. -Spider. -Bear. -Crab. -Cat. -Dog. -Toads.
(b) Insect pests of sheep: -Wool maggot/ maggot. -Housefly. -Botfly/warble flies. -Sheep lice/lice. -Biting midges/mites. -Black flies. -Mosquitoes. -Stable fly. -T'setse fly.
(c) Ways of enhancing the productivity of farm animals: -Thrcugh animal improvement methods/introduction/Selection/Breeding/Artificial insemination. -Ensure proper sanitation/ cleanliness. -Isolation of sick animals. -Quarantine of newly introduced animals/stock. -Adopt good disease control measures. -Adopt good pest control measures. -Use of improved feed and feedstuff/ improved nutrition/balanced diet. -Avoid inbreeding. -Provision of adequate water. -Use of appropriate drügs. -Use of appropriate vaccines. -Keeping up-to-date records. -Replace damaged structures. - Ensure proper biosecurity.
Frage 6 Bericht
(a) Define the term animal improvement.
(b) Explain briefly the following terms as used in animal improvement:
(d) Complete the table below:
| Farm animal |
Name of mature female |
Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep |
…………………… |
…………………….. |
| Pig |
…………………… |
…………………….. |
| Rabbit |
…………………… |
…………………….. |
(a) Definition of animal improvement:
It refers to means/techiques of developing/breeding/producing animals of better traits/characters over the existing ones /parents
OR
It is a means/technique of introduction/selection/breeding of animals with better/outstanding traits/character/genes/allele over the existing ones
(b) Explanation of the terms;
Cross breeding;
Out breeding;
(d) Completion of the table
| Farm animal |
Name of mature female |
Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep |
Ewe |
140-150 |
| Pig |
Sow |
113-115 |
| Rabbit |
Doe |
28-32 |
Antwortdetails
(a) Definition of animal improvement:
It refers to means/techiques of developing/breeding/producing animals of better traits/characters over the existing ones /parents
OR
It is a means/technique of introduction/selection/breeding of animals with better/outstanding traits/character/genes/allele over the existing ones
(b) Explanation of the terms;
Cross breeding;
Out breeding;
(d) Completion of the table
| Farm animal |
Name of mature female |
Gestation period (days) |
| Sheep |
Ewe |
140-150 |
| Pig |
Sow |
113-115 |
| Rabbit |
Doe |
28-32 |
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