WAEC SSCE - Insurance - 2018

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Marine cargo insurance indemnifies the insured for a loss of the consignment or goods being transported by sea. This means that if the goods being shipped are lost, damaged, or stolen during transit, the insurance policy will provide financial compensation to the insured for the value of the lost or damaged goods. This type of insurance is important for businesses that frequently ship goods by sea, as it protects against the risk of loss or damage during transit and provides peace of mind for both the shipper and the recipient of the goods.

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When someone makes a claim under an insurance policy, the insurance company assesses whether they are legally entitled to receive payment based on the terms of the contract. If the claimant is not legally entitled to the payment, the insurance company may still choose to make a payment to them on an ex-gratia basis. An ex-gratia payment is a payment made voluntarily by the insurance company, even though they are not legally obliged to do so. This can be done for various reasons, such as to maintain good customer relations, to avoid negative publicity, or to settle a dispute without going to court. However, the insurance company may limit the amount of the ex-gratia payment and may require the claimant to sign a waiver or release of any further claims related to the loss. It is important for the claimant to understand that accepting an ex-gratia payment does not necessarily mean that they are entitled to make a claim under the insurance policy in the future. The other options mentioned - constructive total loss basis, partial loss basis, and advice of loss basis - are different methods for calculating the amount of payment that a claimant may be entitled to receive under the terms of the insurance contract. These options do not apply to situations where the claimant is not legally entitled to a claim under the contract.

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Non-indemnity insurance policies are referred to as benefit policies. Indemnity insurance policies are designed to compensate policyholders for losses they have suffered, typically by reimbursing them for the cost of repairs or replacements. Non-indemnity insurance policies, on the other hand, provide policyholders with a specific benefit, such as a fixed amount of money, regardless of their actual losses. For example, a health insurance policy is a type of benefit policy that provides policyholders with a set amount of coverage for medical expenses, regardless of the actual cost of those expenses. Similarly, a life insurance policy provides a death benefit to the policyholder's beneficiaries, regardless of the actual expenses incurred as a result of the policyholder's death.

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If an insurance policy is subject to a franchise of N115,000, and an insured person suffered a loss of N120,000, they would receive N5,000 as compensation. A franchise is a deductible amount, which means that the insured person is responsible for paying the first portion of the loss up to the franchise amount. In this case, the franchise amount is N115,000, so the insured person would be responsible for paying the first N115,000 of the loss. The insurance company would then cover the remaining amount, which in this case would be N5,000. So, the insured person would receive a total compensation of N5,000 from the insurance company.

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Insurers requesting for membership of Nigeria Insurers Association (NIA) are required by law to have been registered with the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) and operate with sound insurance principles. Additionally, they are required to ascribe to the policy holding of NIA. Therefore, the correct option is (ii) i, ii, and iv only. The NIA is the umbrella organization for all insurance companies in Nigeria. By requiring its members to operate with sound insurance principles, the NIA ensures that its members are reputable and operate in the best interests of their clients. By requiring its members to ascribe to its policy holding, the NIA ensures that its members adhere to a standard set of policies and guidelines. Membership of the Council of Heads of National Insurance (CHN) is not a requirement for NIA membership. However, it is possible that individual insurance companies may be members of both organizations.

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A condition precedent to an insurance contract is the existence of the subject matter of insurance. This means that in order for an insurance contract to be valid, the thing or person being insured must actually exist at the time the contract is entered into. For example, if someone tries to insure a house that has already burned down, the insurance contract would not be valid because the subject matter of the insurance no longer exists. Similarly, if someone tries to insure a car that they do not yet own, the insurance contract would not be valid because the subject matter of the insurance does not yet exist. The existence of the subject matter of insurance is a fundamental requirement for any insurance contract to be valid and enforceable.

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The method of paying premium in a life insurance contract in which the premium payable increases as the age of the policyholder increases is called "natural premium." Under this method, the premium is calculated based on the risk of death associated with the policyholder's age. As the policyholder gets older, the risk of death increases, and therefore, the premium payable also increases. This method is also known as the "age-premium" method and is commonly used in term life insurance policies. The natural premium method ensures that the premium payable by the policyholder remains affordable while still providing adequate coverage. It is also considered a fair method of premium calculation as the premium is based on the policyholder's actual age and risk of death.

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The use of gas burners for cutting and welding is considered as an unfavourable physical hazard in an insurance contract. This is because the activity of cutting and welding with gas burners involves high heat, flame, and potential risk of fire and explosion. These risks increase the likelihood of property damage or bodily injury, which increases the insurance company's potential payout. Therefore, the insurance company considers this activity as a higher risk and may charge a higher premium or impose certain restrictions or exclusions in the insurance policy.

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The right to effect a contract of insurance on the life of a debtor by the creditor is called insurable interest. Insurable interest means that a person or entity must have a financial interest in the insured person's life or property in order to purchase an insurance policy. In the case of a creditor, they have an insurable interest in the life of their debtor because the debtor owes them money. If the debtor were to pass away, the creditor would suffer a financial loss. Therefore, the creditor has the right to take out a life insurance policy on their debtor as long as they have an insurable interest in their life. This is an example of how insurance can help manage risk and protect financial interests.

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A general question in an insurance proposal form is the name of the proposer. This refers to the person or organization making the request for insurance coverage. The name of the proposer is important as it helps the insurance company identify who they are insuring and to whom they will be providing coverage. Additionally, the name of the proposer is used to create a record of the insurance policy and to track any claims or changes to the policy in the future.

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The insured in this scenario has arranged for their premium payments to stop at age 70 for a whole life insurance policy. This means that the policy will remain in effect for the insured's entire life, and the death benefit will be paid out to their beneficiaries upon their death. The type of premium payment arrangement that best fits this scenario is limited premium payment. This is because with a limited premium payment policy, the insured agrees to pay premiums for a specified period of time (in this case, until age 70), after which they no longer have to make premium payments but the policy remains in force. An indeterminate premium payment policy does not have a set premium payment period, while a single premium payment policy requires the insured to make a one-time lump sum payment at the beginning of the policy. A modified premium payment policy allows for flexibility in premium payments, but typically still requires payments beyond a certain age or for a certain period of time.

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An insurance policy that could have a profit feature is called an endowment assurance. Endowment assurance is a type of life insurance that combines life coverage with an investment component. The policyholder pays regular premiums, and if they live until the end of the policy term, they receive a lump sum payment, known as the endowment. If the policyholder dies before the end of the policy term, their beneficiaries receive the death benefit, which is the sum insured. Endowment assurance policies are designed to provide both life coverage and a savings component, with the potential for the policyholder to earn a profit, in the form of the endowment, at the end of the policy term.

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The insurance professional who helps evaluate the extent of loss in a motor accident on behalf of a third party is called a loss assessor or a loss adjuster. Their role is to investigate the circumstances of the accident and assess the amount of loss or damage suffered by the policyholder. This may include examining the vehicle, talking to witnesses, and gathering other relevant information. Once the assessment is complete, the loss assessor provides a report to the insurance company, outlining the extent of the loss or damage and recommending an appropriate settlement. The report may also be used as evidence in any legal proceedings related to the accident. Overall, a loss assessor plays a crucial role in ensuring that policyholders receive fair and accurate compensation for their losses in a motor accident.

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A document issued by an insurer that provides temporary insurance coverage for the insured is called a cover note. When an individual applies for insurance, there may be a period of time between the application and the issuance of the policy. During this time, the insurer may issue a cover note, which provides temporary coverage until the policy is finalized and issued. A cover note typically includes the insured's name, the type of insurance coverage provided, the period of time for which the coverage is in effect, and any other relevant details. Once the policy is issued, the cover note is no longer valid. An endorsement is a change to an existing insurance policy, a certificate is a document that confirms the details of an insurance policy, and a proposal form is the initial application for insurance.

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Concealment of information that is important to the insurance contract violates the principle of utmost good faith. This principle requires both the insurer and the insured to provide complete and accurate information related to the insurance contract. Failure to disclose material information can lead to a breach of the principle of utmost good faith, and may result in the insurer denying coverage or even cancelling the policy. Therefore, it is important for both parties to be honest and upfront during the process of negotiating and finalizing an insurance contract.

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The modern insurance business was introduced into Nigeria by British merchants. In the 19th century, British trading companies such as the Royal Niger Company and the United Africa Company established themselves in Nigeria and started offering insurance services to protect their trade interests. They provided insurance to cover risks such as fire, theft, and transportation of goods. Over time, these companies evolved into full-fledged insurance companies that offered a wide range of insurance products to the Nigerian public. Today, the Nigerian insurance industry is regulated by the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) and has grown to become an important sector of the Nigerian economy.

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The payment of compensation under professional indemnity insurance would be influenced by negligence. Negligence refers to a failure to take reasonable care in one's actions or conduct, which results in harm or damage to another person. In the context of professional indemnity insurance, negligence would typically refer to an error, omission, or mistake made by a professional that results in harm or damage to a client or third party. If a claim is made against a professional for negligence and they have professional indemnity insurance, the insurance company will investigate the claim and determine whether the professional was indeed negligent. If they find that the professional was negligent and the claim is covered by the policy, the insurance company will pay compensation to the claimant. Therefore, negligence is a key factor that can influence the payment of compensation under professional indemnity insurance.

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The subject matter of insurance in the package is obinna's life. Musa lent Obinna the sum of N2,000,000 in February 2015, and Obinna promised to pay back at the end of the year. Musa then decided to effect a life policy on Obinna for a sum of N20,000. This means that if Obinna were to pass away before he pays back the loan, the insurance policy would pay out N20,000 to Musa to cover the outstanding debt. Therefore, the life policy is designed to protect Musa's financial interest in the event of Obinna's untimely death, which would prevent him from repaying the loan. The insurance policy's subject matter is therefore Obinna's life, and the sum assured of N20,000 is the amount that Musa would receive if the policy is triggered due to Obinna's death.

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The class of insurance under which a visitor who was bitten by her host dog would be compensated is public liability insurance. Public liability insurance covers the policyholder for legal liability for injuries or property damage caused to third parties, which includes visitors to their property. In this case, the visitor who was bitten by the host's dog would be considered a third party, and the host's public liability insurance would provide coverage for the costs associated with the injury, such as medical bills or legal fees if a lawsuit were to be filed. It's important to note that not all public liability insurance policies cover injuries caused by animals, so it's always a good idea to check the policy terms and conditions before purchasing or making a claim.

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Addition of a new building to an existing fire and special perils insurance would be effected through the issuance of an endorsement. An endorsement is a document that modifies the terms and conditions of an existing insurance policy. In this case, the endorsement would add the new building to the existing policy, thereby extending the coverage to include the new building. This is a more efficient and cost-effective way to make changes to an insurance policy than taking out a new policy altogether. By issuing an endorsement, the policyholder can ensure that their insurance coverage remains up to date and relevant to their changing circumstances.

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In Nigeria, the minimum insurance cover required for motorists is third party only. This means that if a motorist is involved in an accident that damages someone else's property or injures someone, the insurance policy will cover the costs of repairing the property or compensating the injured party, up to a certain limit. However, this type of policy does not cover any damage to the motorist's own vehicle. The third party only policy is mandated by the Nigerian Insurance Act, which requires all motor vehicles to have at least this minimum level of insurance cover. Motorists who are caught driving without valid insurance can face penalties, including fines and even imprisonment. Other insurance options available to motorists in Nigeria include fire and theft cover and comprehensive insurance. Fire and theft insurance provides additional coverage for damage or loss caused by fire or theft, while comprehensive insurance offers the most extensive protection, covering not only third party liability but also damage to the motorist's own vehicle. However, these types of insurance are not required by law and are generally more expensive than the third party only policy.

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The document used pending the issuance of a certificate in a motor insurance policy is called a "cover note". A cover note is a temporary document that serves as proof of insurance coverage until the actual insurance policy certificate is issued. It is usually issued immediately after an individual or entity applies for a motor insurance policy, and it provides temporary insurance coverage for the vehicle during the period before the actual policy certificate is issued. The cover note contains important details about the insurance policy, such as the type of coverage, policy limits, and the insured party's name and address. It is valid for a short period of time, typically a few days to a few weeks, after which the actual insurance policy certificate is issued to the insured party. Overall, a cover note is an essential document in motor insurance policies as it provides temporary coverage while the actual policy certificate is being processed and issued.

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In a claim settlement process, a loss assessor is representing the interest of the insured. The insured is the person or entity who purchased the insurance policy and is seeking compensation for a loss or damage covered by the policy. The loss assessor's role is to investigate the claim, assess the damage, and determine the amount of compensation that should be paid to the insured. Their responsibility is to make sure that the insured receives fair compensation for their loss and that the insurance company fulfills their obligation under the policy. Therefore, the loss assessor acts as an advocate for the insured during the claims process.

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Cars that are used for transporting passengers for payment of fares are classified as commercial vehicles by insurance companies. This is because they are being used for commercial purposes, i.e., to make a profit. Insurance for commercial vehicles is different from insurance for private cars, as the risks and liabilities associated with commercial vehicles are higher. For example, if a person hires a taxi and gets into an accident, the taxi driver and the taxi company could be held responsible. This is why commercial vehicle insurance typically provides more coverage than private motor insurance.

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The function of the Institute of Loss Adjusters of Nigeria is to offer technical services in claim investigation. This means that the institute is responsible for investigating and evaluating insurance claims in order to determine the extent of the loss and the amount of compensation that should be paid to the insured. The institute ensures that the claims are thoroughly investigated and that the compensation paid is fair and just, based on the terms of the insurance policy. This helps to ensure that the insurance business operates fairly and efficiently, and that insured individuals and businesses are protected in the event of loss.

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One of the perils of nature is an earthquake. An earthquake is a natural disaster that occurs when the tectonic plates in the Earth's crust shift suddenly, causing seismic waves. These waves can cause the ground to shake violently, which can lead to damage to buildings, roads, and other structures, as well as to injury or death for people and animals caught in the quake. Earthquakes can also trigger other hazards, such as landslides, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. While it is not possible to predict when an earthquake will occur, people can take steps to prepare for them, such as by securing their homes and belongings and having an emergency plan in place.

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The claim for loss of earning due to fire incidence would be settled under the class of consequential loss insurance. Consequential loss insurance, also known as business interruption insurance, provides coverage for losses incurred as a result of a disruption to normal business operations. This type of insurance is designed to help businesses recover lost income, pay ongoing expenses, and cover any additional costs associated with resuming operations after a covered event, such as a fire. Therefore, if a manufacturing company's production was abruptly stopped by fire, and the company suffered financial losses as a result, their claim would be covered under consequential loss insurance.

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Jaguna's repaired expenses of N75,000 would most likely be paid by Jaguna's insurer. This is because insurance companies provide coverage for the policyholder in case of damage to their property or in the event of an accident. So, if Jaguna has insurance coverage for the damage, it is likely that the insurer would pay for the repaired expenses. On the other hand, if Jaguna does not have insurance coverage for the damage, then they would likely be responsible for paying the repaired expenses themselves. Similarly, if the damages were caused by someone else, such as Basanya, then Basanya's insurer might be responsible for paying for the repairs. However, this would depend on the specific details and circumstances of the situation.

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The form of term assurance that operates three options which must be excised before maturity is convertible term insurance. Convertible term insurance is a type of life insurance that allows the policyholder to convert their policy into a permanent life insurance policy, such as whole life insurance or universal life insurance, before the policy's maturity date. The three options that must be exercised before the maturity date are the policy conversion option, the policy continuation option, and the policy expiration option. The policy conversion option allows the policyholder to convert their term life insurance policy into a permanent life insurance policy. The policy continuation option allows the policyholder to continue the term life insurance policy beyond the original term. The policy expiration option allows the policyholder to simply allow the policy to expire at the end of the term without receiving any benefits. Convertible term insurance can be a good option for individuals who want the flexibility to switch to a permanent life insurance policy in the future, but who may not be able to afford the higher premiums associated with permanent life insurance at the time they purchase their policy.

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One way the public can evaluate the financial stability of an insurer is by looking at the prompt payment of claims. This means checking if the insurer is paying out claims to policyholders in a timely and efficient manner. If the insurer is able to pay claims promptly, it could indicate that they have a strong financial position and are able to fulfill their obligations to policyholders. On the other hand, if the insurer is frequently delaying or denying claims, it could raise concerns about their financial stability and ability to pay out in the future.

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The peril insured against by Musa is death. A life policy is a type of insurance that provides a death benefit to the beneficiary of the policy if the insured person passes away. In this case, Musa has taken out a life policy on Obinna for the sum of N20,000. This means that if Obinna were to pass away before the end of the year, Musa would receive N20,000 from the insurance company. Since Musa lent Obinna a large sum of money, it is likely that he wants to protect himself in case Obinna is unable to repay the loan due to unforeseen circumstances such as death. By taking out a life policy on Obinna, Musa is ensuring that he will receive some financial compensation in the event of Obinna's death, which could help to offset the loss of the loan repayment.

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(a) Fidelity guarantee insurance policy

A fidelity guarantee insurance policy is a form of insurance that protects an employer against financial loss caused by the dishonesty, fraud, embezzlement or defalcation of his employees in the course of their employment. It indemnifies the employer for money or property lost through the infidelity of persons placed in a position of trust.

(b) Four types of policies in fidelity guarantee insurance

1. Individual (named) policy: This covers one named employee against whose dishonesty the employer wants protection. It is used where only a particular person, such as a cashier, handles money.
2. Collective (schedule) policy: This covers a group of named employees under one policy, each with a stated amount of guarantee shown against his name in a schedule.
3. Floating (floater) policy: This covers a group of employees for one overall (floating) sum that can apply to any member of the group, without allocating a fixed amount to each person.
4. Positions (blanket) policy: This covers the holders of stated positions or offices rather than named individuals, so that whoever occupies the post at the time of loss is automatically covered.

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(a) Six experts that would require professional indemnity insurance

1. Medical doctors and surgeons.
2. Lawyers (legal practitioners).
3. Accountants and auditors.
4. Architects.
5. Engineers.
6. Insurance brokers.
7. Pharmacists.

(b) Cover provided by each policy

1. (i) Personal liability: This covers an individual against his legal liability for death, bodily injury or damage to the property of other people caused by his own negligence or that of his family in their private, non-business capacity, for example a household accident that injures a visitor.
2. (ii) Public liability: This covers a business or occupier against its legal liability for death, injury or property damage suffered by members of the public arising out of the conduct of the business or the use of its premises, for example a customer injured on business premises.
3. (iii) Professional indemnity: This covers a professional person against legal liability to pay damages to his clients for loss or injury they suffer as a result of his negligence, error or omission in the performance of his professional duties, for example wrong advice by a doctor, lawyer or accountant.

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(a) Who is a loss assessor?

A loss assessor is a professional appointed and paid by the insured to prepare, present and negotiate his claim against the insurer. He acts on behalf of the policyholder to ensure that the loss is properly quantified and that the insured obtains a fair settlement.

(b) Three roles of a loss assessor

1. To investigate and assess the extent and value of the loss or damage suffered by the insured.
2. To prepare and submit the claim, with the necessary documents and proof, to the insurer on behalf of the insured.
3. To negotiate with the insurer or its loss adjuster to secure a fair and adequate settlement for the insured.

(c) Four functions of the Chartered Insurance Institute of Nigeria (CIIN)

1. To train, educate and examine persons seeking to qualify as professionals in the insurance industry.
2. To set and enforce professional and ethical standards of conduct among its members.
3. To award professional qualifications and regulate the admission and discipline of members.
4. To promote the advancement of insurance knowledge and public awareness, and to advise on matters affecting the profession.

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(a)(i) Subject matter of insurance

The subject matter of insurance is the property, life, interest or event that is actually insured, that is the thing exposed to the risk. Examples are a building in fire insurance, a ship in marine insurance, or the life of a person in life assurance. It is the physical or actual thing covered by the policy.

(a)(ii) Subject matter of contract (of insurance)

The subject matter of the contract is not the property itself but the insurable interest the insured has in that property. It is the legal or financial relationship between the insured and the subject matter of insurance, by virtue of which he benefits from its safety and suffers loss from its damage. It is this interest, not the property, that the law recognises as being insured.

(b) When insurable interest must be proved

1. Burglary insurance: Insurable interest must exist both at the time the policy is taken out (inception) and at the time of loss.
2. Marine insurance: Insurable interest need not exist at the time the policy is effected, but it must exist at the time of loss.
3. Life assurance: Insurable interest must exist only at the time the policy is taken out (inception); it need not exist at the time of the claim.

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(a) Three roles of the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM)

1. To regulate, supervise and control the insurance business in Nigeria, ensuring companies operate within the law.
2. To register, license and where necessary cancel the registration of insurers, reinsurers, brokers and loss adjusters.
3. To protect the interests of policyholders and the public by ensuring insurers remain solvent and settle genuine claims, and to approve rates, terms and conditions of insurance.

(b) Three methods of providing indemnity

1. Cash payment: The insurer settles the claim by paying the insured a sum of money equal to the amount of the loss, this being the commonest method.
2. Repair: The insurer restores the damaged property to its former condition by arranging and paying for its repair, as is common in motor insurance.
3. Replacement: The insurer provides a new article in place of the one lost or damaged, restoring the insured to his former position, as sometimes done with glass or jewellery.
4. Reinstatement: The insurer rebuilds or reinstates property, for example a building destroyed by fire, to its pre-loss condition.