WAEC SSCE - Civic Education - 2018

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Budget approval for implementation is not a function that the public service can perform. This function is typically carried out by elected officials, such as members of parliament or congress. The public service can provide advice on policy formulation and keep government records, and they can also provide social services. However, the actual approval of the budget, which involves making decisions on how government funds will be allocated and spent, is a function of elected officials who are accountable to the public.

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations Organisation (UNO). It was adopted on December 10, 1948, by the United Nations General Assembly. The UDHR is a milestone document that establishes the universal standards of human rights that should be protected and upheld by all nations and people. It outlines fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to regardless of their race, gender, religion, or any other status. These include rights such as the right to life, liberty, and security, freedom of speech and religion, the right to work and education, and many more. The UDHR has been translated into over 500 languages and has served as a foundation for human rights laws and treaties around the world.

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The smooth operation of the public service in Nigeria is being hampered by bribery and corruption. This refers to the practice of offering or accepting illegal payments or gifts in exchange for a favor or advantage. This problem is pervasive across different sectors of the Nigerian government, including law enforcement, health care, education, and infrastructure. It undermines the efficiency and effectiveness of the public service, as decisions are often made based on personal gain rather than public interest. As a result, resources are misallocated, public trust is eroded, and the overall development of the country is impeded. While other factors such as debt burden, adequate training, and privatization may also impact the public service, bribery and corruption are widely recognized as a major obstacle to progress in Nigeria.

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The establishment of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) by the government was a measure to prevent drug abuse. The NDLEA is responsible for enforcing laws against the production, trafficking, and use of illicit drugs in Nigeria. Its primary goal is to reduce drug-related crimes and protect public health by preventing drug abuse and addiction.

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The cartoon in figure 1 is an evidence that cultism is violent in nature. The cartoon shows a group of individuals holding weapons and wearing masks, while one of them is carrying a banner with the word "Cultism" written on it. This suggests that cultism involves violent activities, such as carrying weapons and attacking others. The use of masks also suggests that cult members may hide their identities while carrying out these violent activities. Overall, the cartoon provides evidence that cultism is associated with violence and aggression.

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The dialogue above suggests that democracy could result in high cost of governance. This is because in a democratic government, decisions cannot be solely taken and ratified by the federal government without taking into consideration the opinions and views of other stakeholders. This means that there is a need for consultation and discussion among all parties involved, which can be time-consuming and expensive. However, it is important to note that this is a trade-off for the fundamental principles of democracy, which prioritize inclusiveness and respect for all shades of opinion.

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Based on the dialogue, Uche's action implies that he is considerate of other road users.

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One of the functions of local government is making of bye laws. Bye-laws are the rules and regulations that are made by a local government to govern the behavior of people within their jurisdiction. These bye-laws cover a wide range of issues such as waste management, building and construction, and public health and safety. The purpose of bye-laws is to ensure that the local community operates in an orderly and harmonious manner, and to give the local government the power to enforce these rules and regulations.

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Enlightening people living with HIV/AIDS is not a form of stigmatization. Stigmatization refers to the negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are directed towards people who are perceived to have a certain condition or trait. In the case of HIV/AIDS, stigmatization can take many forms, including refusing to interact with family members of an HIV patient, physical and verbal abuse of HIV patients, and ostracizing them. Enlightening people living with HIV/AIDS, on the other hand, is a positive action that helps to reduce stigmatization. It involves providing education and information about HIV/AIDS, including how it is transmitted and how it can be managed. By providing this information, people can better understand the condition and be less likely to stigmatize those living with it. Therefore, enlightening people living with HIV/AIDS is not a form of stigmatization, but rather a way to combat it. By promoting education and understanding, we can help to reduce the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and create a more accepting and inclusive society.

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Franchise in a democratic government is usually given to all adult citizens, which means that any person who is a legal citizen of the country and has reached the age of majority (usually 18 years old) has the right to vote in elections and have a say in the government. This is an important aspect of democracy, as it allows for equal representation and ensures that everyone's voice is heard, regardless of their background or social status. It is different from party membership or being an opinion leader, which are not necessarily tied to citizenship or the right to vote.

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A body established and entrusted with power and authority to direct the affairs of the state is called the government. The government is a system or group of people responsible for the overall administration of a country or state. The government has the power to make and enforce laws, manage public resources, and provide services to its citizens. In a democratic society, the government is typically elected by the people and is accountable to them for its actions. Examples of government bodies include the executive branch, legislative branch, and judiciary. The government plays a crucial role in ensuring stability and progress in a society.

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Testing blood before transfusion helps to prevent the spread of HIV. By testing the blood, medical professionals can ensure that the blood being given to a patient does not contain the virus. This helps to protect the patient from getting infected with HIV and helps to prevent the spread of the virus to others.

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The program established to foster common ties among Nigerians is the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC). The NYSC is a mandatory one-year service that Nigerian graduates under the age of 30 must complete after their tertiary education. The program involves posting the graduates to different parts of the country, where they live and work with people from different backgrounds and ethnicities. The aim is to promote unity, understanding, and cooperation among Nigerians, and to expose young graduates to different cultures and ways of life. Through the NYSC, graduates from different parts of Nigeria can learn to appreciate and respect one another, and work together for the greater good of the country.

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Cross carpeting phenomenon is not a major reason for political apathy. Cross carpeting refers to the act of politicians switching from one political party to another. This is not directly related to political apathy, which is a lack of interest or participation in political affairs. Political violence, unfulfilled political promises, and bad governance are all factors that can contribute to political apathy, as they can lead people to believe that their political system is not working for them and that their voices and votes do not matter.

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"Intrusion" is not a common way by which people abuse drugs. The other options, ingestion, inhalation, and injection, are all common methods of drug abuse. Ingestion refers to taking drugs orally, by swallowing pills or consuming food or drink that contains the drugs. Inhalation refers to breathing in fumes from drugs, such as inhaling smoke from cigarettes or vaping. Injection refers to injecting drugs directly into the bloodstream using a needle. "Intrusion" is not a recognized method of drug abuse.

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The skill that negates the promotion of interpersonal relationship is selfishness. Selfishness refers to the quality of being concerned primarily with one's own interests, benefits, and well-being, often at the expense of others. When a person is selfish, they tend to prioritize their needs and desires over those of others, which can lead to a breakdown in interpersonal relationships. This is because healthy relationships require a certain level of give-and-take, empathy, and concern for the other person's well-being. When someone is consistently selfish, they are unlikely to make the necessary compromises and sacrifices that are necessary for healthy relationships to thrive. In contrast, the skills of tolerance, caring, and kindness are all beneficial to the promotion of interpersonal relationships because they encourage understanding, empathy, and consideration for others.

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There is only one option out of the given list that may prevent a citizen from voting in a general election, and that is "non-registration." When citizens don't register to vote, they cannot participate in the election. Voter registration is a requirement in most countries to verify the eligibility of voters and ensure that each person votes only once. The other options listed may be challenges that citizens face, but they do not necessarily prevent them from voting. For example, lack of stable income or high cost of living may make it difficult for some people to get to the polling station, but there are often solutions available, such as mail-in or early voting. Similarly, political neutrality is a personal choice and does not affect a person's right to vote.

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The advantage of inter-communal relationships is that it enhances security. This is because when people from different communities come together and build relationships based on mutual respect and understanding, they are less likely to engage in violent or harmful behavior towards one another. Instead, they are more likely to cooperate and work together to create safe and peaceful communities. This can lead to stronger social bonds, reduced tensions, and a more harmonious society overall.

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The boy in figure 1 needs the bulletproof vest for protection. A bulletproof vest is a type of body armor designed to protect the wearer from bullets fired from firearms. It is commonly used by people who work in law enforcement, military, and security fields, as well as by civilians who are concerned about their personal safety. In this case, the boy is likely wearing the vest to protect himself from potential harm or danger, such as gun violence or an attack. It is important to note that wearing a bulletproof vest does not make one invincible or immune to harm, but it can significantly reduce the chances of injury or death in certain situations.

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The skill for settling inter-communal conflict that is not appropriate is war. War is a violent and destructive method that can cause significant harm, loss of life, and property damage. In contrast, dialogue, mediation, and arbitration are non-violent conflict resolution methods that aim to find peaceful and mutually beneficial solutions to disagreements between communities. Dialogue involves direct communication between parties to clarify misunderstandings, identify common ground, and find solutions to the conflict. Mediation involves a neutral third party who facilitates communication and helps parties to find common ground and resolve the conflict. Arbitration is similar to mediation, but the third party has the authority to make a binding decision that the parties agree to accept. Therefore, war is not a skill for settling inter-communal conflict as it is a violent and destructive method that should be avoided whenever possible.

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Queuing up in public places has a number of effects. First, it promotes orderliness by creating a clear and organized system for people to wait their turn. This helps prevent chaos and confusion that can occur when everyone tries to push their way to the front. Second, queuing up promotes transparency by ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to access a service or resource. It creates a visible and fair process for people to follow, which can help reduce feelings of unfairness or favoritism. Third, queuing up promotes honesty by discouraging people from cutting in line or taking advantage of their position to get ahead. It encourages people to act with integrity and respect the rights of others who are waiting. Finally, queuing up promotes humility by reminding people that they are not the most important person in the room. It encourages people to be patient and considerate of others who are waiting, and to recognize that they are part of a larger community of people who all need to access the same resources.

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According to the 1999 Constitution, sovereignty resides in the people who confer legitimacy on elected leaders. This means that the ultimate power and authority in the country belong to the citizens who elect their leaders and entrust them with the responsibility of governing the nation. The government derives its legitimacy and authority from the consent of the people, and it is accountable to them. Therefore, the people have the right to participate in the democratic process, hold their leaders accountable, and make decisions that affect their lives and the future of the country. The Constitution empowers the people to exercise their sovereignty through various means, such as elections, referendums, and peaceful protests.

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A father who effectively discharges his duty towards his children can be described as a responsible parent. Being a responsible parent means fulfilling your role and responsibilities towards your children by providing for their needs, ensuring their safety and well-being, and nurturing their emotional and intellectual development. It involves being present in their lives, setting boundaries, teaching them values and life skills, and being a positive role model. A responsible parent is not just concerned with meeting their children's physical needs but also takes an active interest in their emotional, social, and intellectual growth. They strive to create a loving, supportive, and nurturing environment that fosters their children's healthy development and well-being. In summary, a father who is a responsible parent is someone who prioritizes his children's needs, supports their growth and development, and is actively involved in their lives.

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Representative democracy is the concept that can guarantee adherence to the rule of law. Representative democracy is a political system in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. In this system, the rule of law is upheld by the fact that representatives are held accountable to the law and to their constituents. The law applies equally to all citizens, including those in positions of power. This ensures that no one is above the law and that everyone is subject to the same rules and regulations. In a representative democracy, the power of the government comes from the people, and the government is responsible for protecting the rights and freedoms of its citizens. This means that the government is accountable to the people, and the people have the power to hold their representatives accountable through free and fair elections. By allowing citizens to participate in the political process, representative democracy promotes transparency, accountability, and the rule of law. It provides a system of checks and balances to prevent abuse of power and ensures that the government is accountable to the people. Therefore, representative democracy is the concept that can guarantee adherence to the rule of law.

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A common repercussion for drug abuse is negative impact on the brain and body. This can include things like memory loss, difficulty thinking and making decisions (brain drain), and a need for medical treatment to overcome addiction (rehabilitation and/or medication). Drug abuse can also have serious long-term effects on physical and mental health, relationships, and overall quality of life.

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One effective way of preventing drug trafficking is through employment opportunities. Providing job opportunities to individuals in areas affected by drug trafficking can help them earn a living and provide for their families in a legitimate way, reducing their need to turn to drug trafficking as a means of income. When people have access to employment opportunities, they are more likely to be motivated to pursue legitimate work rather than turn to criminal activities such as drug trafficking. Additionally, providing foreign scholarships to individuals in these areas can also help by providing them with access to education and opportunities that may not be available in their own country. However, indulging offenders or giving them leniency for their criminal activities is not an effective way of preventing drug trafficking. This approach sends the wrong message and can actually encourage more criminal activity. It's important to focus on preventative measures, such as providing employment and education opportunities, to address the root causes of drug trafficking.

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The group of individuals in society who are most prone to human trafficking are women and children. This is because they are often more vulnerable and easier to manipulate or exploit than other groups. Traffickers prey on their vulnerabilities, such as poverty, lack of education, and limited opportunities, and use force, deception, or coercion to exploit them for labor or sexual purposes. However, it's important to note that human trafficking can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, or background.

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The option "relegation of morality" is not a reason why members of a society are expected to adhere to societal values. This is because the adherence to societal values is not meant to push aside or minimize the importance of individual morality, but rather to promote shared principles and norms that contribute to the well-being and stability of the society as a whole. Adherence to societal values is meant to enhance development, improve self dignity, and reduce social vices, but not to compromise personal morality.

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The defense of the territorial integrity of a country by her people is part of their duties and obligations. In other words, it is the responsibility of the citizens of a country to protect and defend their nation's borders and territory against any threats. This can involve various actions such as serving in the military, supporting law enforcement and security forces, and being vigilant against foreign interference or aggression. By fulfilling this duty, citizens help to ensure the stability and sovereignty of their country, which is crucial for maintaining a safe and secure environment for themselves and future generations.

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It could be inferred from the cartoon in figure 1 that the activities of cult groups on campus may not be reduced by religious instruction. The cartoon appears to depict a person giving a religious lecture, while a cult member is still carrying out violent activities in the background. This suggests that religious instruction alone may not be enough to combat the problem of cultism on campus. Campaigns against cultism, relevant legislation, and even the use of bulletproof vests may also be necessary to address this issue.

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A direct democracy would be the most suitable type of democracy for a small village or community. In a direct democracy, all members of the community have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. This type of democracy allows for a more direct and personal form of representation, as everyone has the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process. In a small village or community, it's easier for everyone to come together and discuss important issues, compared to larger and more complex societies. This allows for a more efficient and effective form of democracy, as decisions can be made quickly and with the input of all members. In a direct democracy, the community as a whole is responsible for making decisions, rather than relying on elected representatives. This can lead to a greater sense of ownership and accountability among the members, as they are directly involved in the decisions that impact their lives. Overall, direct democracy is a good fit for a small village or community as it allows for a more personal, efficient and inclusive form of decision-making.

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The significant companion of the rule of law is the supremacy of the ordinary law. This means that no one, including government officials, is above the law, and everyone is subject to the same laws. The supremacy of the ordinary law ensures that there is fairness and equality in the legal system, and that the law applies equally to all individuals, regardless of their status or position in society. It is a fundamental principle of the rule of law, which helps to prevent abuses of power and promote a just and democratic society.

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The best means through which individual rights can be safeguarded is judicial independence. Judicial independence refers to the ability of judges and courts to make decisions free from external pressures, such as from the government or other powerful groups. This allows judges to make impartial decisions based on the law and the facts of the case, without fear of retribution. When judicial independence is ensured, individuals can have confidence that their rights will be protected by the law and that they will receive a fair hearing if their rights are violated. This is essential for safeguarding individual rights in any society. While knowledge acquisition, press censorship, and an improved standard of living can all contribute to the protection of individual rights, they are not sufficient on their own. Without judicial independence, laws and policies can be manipulated by those in power to violate the rights of individuals, regardless of how informed or empowered they may be. Therefore, judicial independence is crucial for protecting individual rights in any society.

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Chapter IV of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria is about fundamental human rights. This chapter outlines the basic rights that every Nigerian citizen is entitled to, such as the right to life, the right to freedom of expression, the right to a fair trial, and many others. These rights are meant to protect the individual and ensure that every person is treated with dignity and respect.

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Discipline is the ability to behave in a controlled manner. It involves having self-control and the ability to regulate your actions, thoughts, and emotions in a way that is consistent with your goals and values. This can involve setting and adhering to rules, prioritizing responsibilities, and making choices that align with your long-term objectives. Discipline is an important trait in many areas of life, including education, work, and personal relationships, as it allows individuals to stay focused and achieve their desired outcomes.

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It could be inferred from the dialogue that democracy encourages tolerance. In the dialogue, Emen mentions that the recent constitutional conference organized by the federal government could only have happened in a democratic government that respects all shades of opinion. This implies that democracy values and promotes tolerance for different opinions and ideas. The other options, development, job creation, and delegated legislature, are not mentioned in the dialogue and cannot be inferred as being encouraged by democracy.

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An enlightenment and awareness campaign on HIV/AIDS can "provide people with genuine information". The purpose of such a campaign would be to educate people about the causes, symptoms, and ways to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. By having accurate and up-to-date information, people can make informed decisions and take necessary precautions to protect themselves and others. Providing genuine information can help reduce the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS, and ultimately improve public health outcomes.

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The highest class in the public service is the administrative class. Administrative roles are generally the most senior and responsible positions within a public service organization. These roles involve overseeing and managing the work of other employees and making important decisions related to policy and operations. Administrative positions often require a high level of education, experience, and leadership ability. Examples of administrative roles in public service might include executive directors, chief operating officers, or senior managers.

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The saying "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country" means that as a citizen, it is important to think about what you can do to help your country, rather than what your country can do for you. It emphasizes the idea that being a citizen is not just about receiving benefits from the government, but also about fulfilling your responsibilities and obligations to your country. This includes protecting and defending the rights and freedoms of all citizens, and contributing to the well-being and prosperity of the nation. Therefore, citizens have both constitutional rights and obligations, and it is their duty to safeguard these rights and contribute to the betterment of their country. Additionally, the saying also suggests that service to the country is not about seeking rewards or personal gain, but about fulfilling a sense of duty and responsibility towards one's fellow citizens.

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(a) Definition of HIV/AIDS

HIV means Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. It is the virus that attacks and weakens the body's defence (immune) system, making the body unable to fight off diseases. AIDS means Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is the advanced stage of HIV infection, a condition in which the immune system has become so weak that the body suffers from a collection of infections and diseases it can no longer resist.

(b) Two causes of HIV/AIDS

1. Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person, which is the most common way the virus is transmitted.
2. Contact with infected blood, for example through blood transfusion of infected blood or the use of unsterilised sharp objects such as needles, syringes, razors and blades shared with an infected person. (Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding is another cause.)

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(a) Five ways citizens can demonstrate political apathy

1. Refusal to vote - staying away from the polling booth on election day.
2. Refusal to register or collect voter cards - not enrolling in the voters' register.
3. Refusal to contest for or accept political office - avoiding elective and appointive positions.
4. Failure to attend political rallies, meetings and campaigns - showing no interest in party or community political activities.
5. Refusal to join a political party or discuss political issues - staying indifferent to public affairs and government decisions.

(b) Five reasons for political apathy

1. Bad governance and unfulfilled promises - broken campaign promises make citizens lose interest.
2. Electoral fraud and rigging - people feel their votes will not count.
3. Illiteracy and ignorance - lack of political awareness of rights and duties.
4. Fear of political violence and intimidation - thuggery and killings scare people away.
5. Corruption and lack of trust in politicians - disappointment with dishonest leaders discourages participation. (Also poverty and lack of incentives.)

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(a) Definition of orderliness

Orderliness is the act of doing things in a neat, well-arranged, systematic and disciplined manner, in accordance with laid-down rules and acceptable standards of behaviour, so that peace and harmony are maintained in the society.

(b) Six ways of exhibiting orderliness in the society

1. Queuing: Waiting patiently in a line to take one's turn at banks, bus stops, offices and other public places.
2. Obeying traffic rules: Respecting road signs, traffic lights and speed limits while driving or walking.
3. Keeping the environment clean: Disposing of waste properly and maintaining a tidy surrounding.
4. Obeying laws, rules and regulations: Complying with the laws of the land and the rules of institutions and organisations.
5. Respect for constituted authority: Obeying and cooperating with parents, teachers, leaders and lawful authorities.
6. Punctuality and keeping to time: Being on time and following schedules and appointments in an organised manner.

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(a) Three ways Nigerian youths are empowered

1. Skills acquisition and vocational training - government and NGOs organise programmes in tailoring, ICT, mechanics, catering and other trades so youths become self-reliant.
2. Access to credit and grants - schemes such as micro-credit loans, N-Power and entrepreneurship funds provide capital to start small businesses.
3. Free/qualitative education and scholarships - awards, bursaries and free education equip youths with knowledge and employable qualifications.

(b) Three social consequences of a high rate of unemployment in Nigeria

1. Increase in crime - idle youths turn to armed robbery, kidnapping, cultism, fraud (yahoo-yahoo) and drug abuse.
2. Rise in prostitution and moral decay - joblessness pushes many, especially the young, into prostitution and other vices.
3. Poverty and increased dependency - the unemployed depend on others for survival, deepening hardship, frustration and family breakdown, and can fuel political thuggery and social unrest.

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(a) Law and order

Law and order refers to a situation in which the laws of a society are obeyed and peace, discipline and stability are maintained by citizens and government agencies. It is the existence of a condition where people respect the rules of the state, and the government has effective control so that crime, violence and disorder are kept in check.

(b) Four effects of law and order on Nigerians

1. Peace and stability - it creates a peaceful atmosphere where people live and work without fear.
2. Protection of life and property - obedience to law reduces crime, so lives and property are safe.
3. Promotes development - a law-abiding, orderly society attracts investment and encourages economic and social growth.
4. Justice and equity - it ensures that offenders are punished and the rights of citizens are protected, promoting fairness.

(c) Four achievements of Nigerian nationalists before independence

1. Formation of political parties - such as the NCNC, Action Group and NPC to fight for self-government.
2. Establishment of newspapers - like the West African Pilot to raise political awareness and criticise colonial rule.
3. Participation in constitutional conferences - which produced constitutions (Clifford, Richards, Macpherson, Lyttleton) leading to greater self-rule.
4. Achievement of regional self-government - the West and East in 1957 and the North in 1959, paving the way for independence in 1960.

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Five ways citizens can help in minimizing human trafficking

1. Reporting suspected cases: Citizens should promptly report suspicious movements of persons, recruiters and traffickers to the police or to NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons).
2. Creating awareness and enlightenment: Individuals should educate their families, friends and communities about the tricks, dangers and consequences of human trafficking so that people are not deceived by false promises of jobs abroad.
3. Refusing to patronise or assist traffickers: Citizens should not help traffickers with information, documents, accommodation or transport, and should discourage anyone planning to travel through unsafe or illegal channels.
4. Supporting and rehabilitating victims: People should show care to rescued victims, help reintegrate them into society, and avoid stigmatising them so that they can recover.
5. Providing economic support to the vulnerable: By offering education, skills training and job opportunities to poor and vulnerable youths, citizens reduce the poverty and ignorance that traffickers exploit.

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(a) Three features of the rule of law

1. Supremacy of the law: The law is supreme over everybody; no person or authority is above the law, and government itself must act according to law.
2. Equality before the law: All citizens, whether rich or poor, high or low, are equal before the law and are subject to the same laws and the same courts.
3. Impartiality and fair hearing: Every accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty and is entitled to a fair hearing before an independent and impartial court.

(b) Three importance of the rule of law

1. Protection of citizens' rights and freedoms: It safeguards the fundamental human rights and liberties of citizens against abuse by government or powerful individuals.
2. Promotion of justice and equality: It ensures that everyone is treated equally and fairly, and that justice is administered without discrimination.
3. Prevention of dictatorship and abuse of power: By subjecting rulers to the law, it checks arbitrary and tyrannical rule and promotes good governance, order and stability.

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(a) Meaning of constituted authority

Constituted authority is a person, body or institution that has been legally and rightfully given the power to make decisions, give orders, enforce obedience and control the affairs of a group, organisation or society. Examples include parents in the home, teachers and principals in school, and the police, courts and government in the state.

(b) Six advantages of constituted authority

1. Maintenance of law and order: It makes and enforces rules that keep peace and prevent chaos in the society.
2. Protection of life and property: It provides security and safeguards citizens against crime and violence.
3. Provision of direction and leadership: It gives guidance, sets goals and coordinates the activities of members of the society.
4. Settlement of disputes: It resolves conflicts and administers justice fairly among members of the community.
5. Promotion of discipline and good conduct: It ensures that people obey rules and behave in an orderly and acceptable manner.
6. Promotion of unity, progress and development: By coordinating collective effort and providing amenities, it fosters cooperation, stability and development in the society.

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Five ways through which leaders can protect the interest of their followers

1. Providing good and responsive governance: Leaders should provide social amenities, security and welfare programmes that improve the living standards of their followers.
2. Ensuring justice and equal treatment: Leaders should treat all followers fairly, without tribal, religious or political discrimination, and defend the rights of the weak and the minority.
3. Being accountable and transparent: Leaders should manage public resources honestly, avoid corruption, and render account of their stewardship to the people.
4. Consulting and carrying followers along: Leaders should listen to the views, complaints and needs of followers and involve them in decisions that affect their lives.
5. Protecting the safety and rights of followers: Leaders should defend followers against oppression, exploitation and external aggression, and make and enforce laws that guarantee peace and order.

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Five ways illiteracy can be a challenge to popular participation in a democracy

1. Inability to read the ballot paper - illiterate voters cannot read candidates' names, party symbols or ballot instructions, so they may vote wrongly or be assisted and cheated.
2. Ignorance of civic rights and duties - those who cannot read do not know their rights, the constitution or how government works, so they cannot participate meaningfully.
3. Easy manipulation and deception - illiterate citizens are easily misled, bribed and used by politicians as thugs or with false promises.
4. Poor access to information - they cannot read newspapers, manifestos or public notices, so they are cut off from informed political debate and decision-making.
5. Inability to hold office - illiteracy bars people from contesting many elective and appointive positions, and from actively engaging in policy discussion, thereby reducing wide participation.

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(a) The three tiers of government in Nigeria

1. The Federal (Central) Government
2. The State Government
3. The Local Government

(b) Six functions of government in Nigeria

1. Maintenance of law and order: Government makes and enforces laws, and maintains the police, courts and armed forces to protect life and property.
2. Provision of security and defence: Government defends the country against external aggression and safeguards internal peace and stability.
3. Provision of social amenities: Government provides infrastructure and services such as roads, electricity, water, schools and hospitals.
4. Promotion of economic development: Government formulates and implements economic policies, creates jobs and encourages industry, agriculture and trade.
5. Protection of citizens' rights: Government safeguards the fundamental human rights of citizens and ensures justice and fairness.
6. Conduct of foreign relations: Government represents the nation abroad, enters into treaties and agreements, and maintains diplomatic relations with other countries.

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(a) Meaning of cultism

Cultism is the act of belonging to a secret group or society whose membership, activities, oaths and rituals are hidden from the public and are often violent, anti-social and destructive. Members are bound by secret oaths of loyalty and their operations breach the laws and moral order of the wider society.

(b) Six reasons for the formation of cult groups

1. Desire for protection and security: Some people form or join cults believing membership will shield them from attack by rival groups or intimidating individuals.
2. Quest for power and influence: Cults are formed to gain dominance, control others and command fear and respect on campus or in the community.
3. Peer group influence: Friends and associates persuade one another to form groups so as to belong and not feel left out.
4. Search for identity and recognition: Individuals form cults to gain a sense of belonging, importance and social status.
5. Family and parental background: Broken homes, poor upbringing and lack of parental care push some youths to form or join such groups for attention and support.
6. Desire for material gain and criminal advantage: Some cults are formed to make illicit money, secure examination or political favours, and engage in intimidation, extortion and other crimes.

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Five reasons why accountability should be the watchword of public servants

1. Public servants handle public funds and property - since they manage money and resources belonging to the people, they must give account of how these are spent to prevent theft and waste.
2. It curbs corruption and embezzlement - knowing that they must account for their actions discourages fraud, bribery and misappropriation of public resources.
3. It promotes transparency and good governance - accountability makes government activities open and honest, which builds efficient administration.
4. It builds public trust and confidence - when officials render account, citizens trust the government and cooperate with its policies.
5. It ensures effective service delivery - accountable officers work hard, use resources properly and provide quality services, promoting national development and discouraging abuse of office.

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(a) Definition of traffic regulations

Traffic regulations are the officially established rules, laws and signs that control the movement of vehicles, pedestrians and other road users, so that roads are used safely, orderly and efficiently. In Nigeria they are enforced by agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) and the Vehicle Inspection Office.

(b) Six roles of individuals in maintaining traffic regulations

1. Obeying traffic signs and signals: The individual should stop at red lights, move on green, and respect road markings, warning signs and speed limits.
2. Using pedestrian facilities: Road users should walk on pavements and cross only at zebra crossings, pedestrian bridges or designated points instead of dashing across highways.
3. Driving with valid documents and roadworthy vehicles: A driver should hold a valid licence, insure and register the vehicle, and keep it in good mechanical condition (working brakes, lights, tyres).
4. Avoiding dangerous driving habits: Individuals should not over-speed, drink and drive, use a phone while driving, or overtake carelessly, and they should always use seat belts and helmets.
5. Reporting offenders and accidents: Citizens should report reckless drivers, faulty traffic lights and accidents to the appropriate authorities so that the roads remain safe.
6. Cooperating with traffic officials: Road users should obey the directions of FRSC officials and traffic wardens, and support road-safety education and enlightenment campaigns.

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Five skills for resolving inter-communal conflicts

1. Effective communication skill: The ability to speak clearly, pass correct information and open channels of dialogue between the conflicting communities so that misunderstandings are cleared.
2. Active listening skill: Patiently listening to the grievances, feelings and demands of each side so that the real causes of the conflict are understood.
3. Negotiation and dialogue skill: Bringing the parties together to discuss and bargain in good faith until they reach an agreement acceptable to both sides.
4. Mediation and impartiality skill: Acting as a neutral third party who treats both sides fairly and helps them find a peaceful and balanced solution.
5. Compromise and tolerance skill: The ability to make concessions, forgive, accommodate differences and encourage both parties to give and take for the sake of peace.

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None

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(a) Three ways people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are discriminated against

1. Denial of employment - they are refused jobs or dismissed once their status becomes known.
2. Social rejection and isolation - they are avoided, refused handshakes, and shunned by neighbours, friends and even family.
3. Denial of access to services - they are refused admission into schools, housing or proper medical attention, and sometimes verbally abused.

(b) Three reasons why stigmatization of PLWHA should be discouraged

1. It violates their fundamental human rights - they are human beings entitled to dignity, respect and equal treatment like every other citizen.
2. It discourages testing and treatment - fear of stigma makes people avoid HIV tests and hide their status, so the disease spreads faster and untreated.
3. It causes psychological harm - rejection leads to depression, hopelessness and even suicide, whereas support helps them live longer and remain productive members of society.