JAMB UTME - Geography - 2021

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The type of water left in the soil after excess water has been drained off following heavy rainfall is known as field capacity. Field capacity refers to the amount of water that the soil can hold after excess water has drained away and the soil particles have become saturated. This water is held in the soil by a combination of gravity and the attraction between water molecules and soil particles. In other words, field capacity is the point at which the soil is neither too wet nor too dry, and it is the maximum amount of water that can be stored in the soil and still be available for plants to use.

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None of the options provided, including A swan, are a dam in the Gezira region of Sudan. However, among the major dams in Sudan, the one that is not located in Gezira is the Jebel Azulia Dam. This dam is located on the Blue Nile in the Northern state of Sudan, about 25 kilometers north of the capital city of Khartoum. The Gezira region of Sudan is known for its large irrigation scheme, which utilizes water from the Blue Nile to cultivate various crops. The region has two major dams that are used for irrigation, namely the Sennar and Roseires dams. Therefore, if the question specifically refers to dams in the Gezira region, the answer would be either Sennar or Roseires.

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Monadnock of the USA is not a volcanic mountain. Volcanic mountains are formed when molten rock (magma) rises to the surface and erupts, building up layer upon layer of solidified rock and ash. Some examples of well-known volcanic mountains include Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Fuji in Japan, and Mount Merapi in Sumatra. Monadnock, on the other hand, is a type of mountain called a monadnock or inselberg, which means "island mountain." These are isolated hills or mountains that rise abruptly from surrounding flat or gently sloping terrain and are often made of hard, resistant rock that has not been worn away by erosion. Monadnock is a monadnock and was formed through the uplift of a large mass of rock and the subsequent erosion of the surrounding land.

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A device for transferring information from an analogue map into a computer for further manipulation is called a Digitizer. A digitizer is a piece of hardware that is used to convert analogue information into a digital format that can be read and manipulated by a computer. In the case of maps, a digitizer is used to trace the features on a paper map and convert them into a digital format, such as a shapefile or a georeferenced image. This allows the information on the map to be easily manipulated, stored, and analyzed using computer software. An aerial photograph is a type of image that is taken from the air, often from an airplane or drone, and is used to capture information about the land and features on the ground. A global positioning system (GPS) is a network of satellites and receivers that is used to determine the location, speed, and direction of an object on the Earth's surface. A plotter is a type of printer that is used to produce large-format images, such as maps, technical drawings, and architectural plans.

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Contour ploughing is a way of controlling soil erosion. Soil erosion is the process of the removal of topsoil by agents such as wind or water. When the topsoil is removed, it leads to the loss of important nutrients and organic matter that are necessary for plant growth. Soil erosion also leads to the degradation of the soil structure, making it difficult for plants to grow. Contour ploughing involves ploughing furrows along the contours of a slope rather than up and down. This helps to slow down the runoff of water and reduce soil erosion. By ploughing along the contour, the furrows act as a barrier that traps water and allows it to soak into the soil. This helps to improve the water-holding capacity of the soil, which is essential for plant growth. In summary, contour ploughing is an effective way of controlling soil erosion because it helps to slow down the runoff of water and reduce soil loss.

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Kossou Dam is located on the Bandama River. The Bandama River is a major river in Ivory Coast, located in West Africa. The Kossou Dam is one of the largest dams on this river, and it is an important source of hydroelectric power for the country. The dam was built in the 1960s and is located about 60 kilometers north of the city of Yamoussoukro. The Bandama River is approximately 800 kilometers long and is the longest river entirely within Ivory Coast. It is an important source of water for irrigation and other agricultural activities, and it is also an important transportation route for goods and people. The Kossou Dam was built to harness the power of the Bandama River and generate electricity for the country. The dam has a capacity of 174 megawatts and is able to supply power to much of the country. In addition to generating electricity, the dam also helps to control flooding in the area and provides water for irrigation and other purposes. In summary, the Kossou Dam is located on the Bandama River in Ivory Coast. The Bandama River is an important source of water for irrigation and transportation, and the dam is an important source of hydroelectric power for the country.

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Algeria is located in North Africa. North Africa is a region of the African continent that includes several countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Zaire, also known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is located in Central Africa. Rwanda is located in East Africa. Namibia is located in Southern Africa. Therefore, the correct answer is Algeria.

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The correct arrangement of the layers of the earth's crust from the surface to the interior is "sial, sima, mantle, and core." The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust, which is divided into two types: the continental crust and the oceanic crust. The continental crust is made up of a type of rock called "sial," which stands for "silicon" and "aluminum." This layer is relatively thicker and less dense than the oceanic crust. The oceanic crust, on the other hand, is made up of a type of rock called "sima," which stands for "silicon" and "magnesium." This layer is relatively thinner and denser than the continental crust. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which is made up of solid, dense rock. The mantle is the thickest layer of the earth and is responsible for convection currents that drive plate tectonics. The temperature and pressure in the mantle increase with depth. Finally, the core of the earth is located at the center of the planet and is made up of two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is made up of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel. The core is the hottest and densest part of the planet, and it is responsible for generating the earth's magnetic field. In summary, the correct arrangement of the layers of the earth's crust from the surface to the interior is sial, sima, mantle, and core.

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In the desert region, the most prominent agent of erosion is wind. The wind in the desert can pick up sand and other loose materials and carry them across the landscape, which can cause erosion over time. As the wind blows across the desert, it can pick up loose sand and other sediments and transport them from one location to another. This process, known as "deflation," can cause the erosion of the desert surface over time. In addition, the wind can also cause abrasion, which occurs when sand particles are carried by the wind and collide with other surfaces, such as rocks or other sediments. This can wear away the surface of the rocks or other materials over time, leading to erosion. Overall, wind erosion is a very important process in the desert environment and plays a significant role in shaping the landscape over time.

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Loess is a layer of very fine wind-deposited sand and silt. It is created when wind carries small particles of sediment, such as sand and silt, from one place to another and deposits them in a layer. Loess is usually found in areas with strong winds, such as the prairies of North America, the steppes of Asia, and the deserts of Africa. This type of soil is fertile and is often used for agriculture.

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The term that is defined as the total surrounding or medium of any organism in a given area is "environment". Environment refers to the sum total of all biotic and abiotic factors that affect an organism in a given area. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Abiotic components, on the other hand, refer to all non-living factors, such as water, air, sunlight, temperature, soil, and minerals, that affect living organisms. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, along with their non-living environment, that interact with each other. Therefore, an ecosystem is made up of both biotic and abiotic components, and it is a specific unit of the environment that can be studied as a distinct entity.

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An example of a coastline of emergence is a raised beach. A coastline of emergence refers to a type of coastline that is formed when the land is rising relative to the sea level. This can be caused by tectonic activity or changes in the level of the land due to the melting of glaciers. When the land rises, the sea level falls, which exposes the previously submerged shoreline. This results in the formation of a raised beach, which is a distinctive feature of a coastline of emergence. A raised beach is a beach that is located above the current sea level, and it is typically characterized by a flat or gently sloping surface. Other features of a coastline of emergence may include sea cliffs, wave-cut platforms, and marine terraces. These features are formed by the erosion of the land by the sea when it was at a higher level, followed by the uplift of the land. An example of a coastline of emergence can be found along the coast of Norway. The Norwegian coastline has experienced significant uplift due to tectonic activity, which has resulted in the formation of raised beaches, sea cliffs, and marine terraces. In summary, a coastline of emergence is a type of coastline that is formed when the land rises relative to the sea level. One of the distinctive features of this type of coastline is a raised beach, which is a beach that is located above the current sea level. An example of a coastline of emergence can be found along the coast of Norway.

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One effect of the earth's revolution is that it determines a year. The earth takes approximately 365.24 days to complete one orbit around the sun, which is known as a year. As the earth moves around the sun, it also causes changes in the amount of sunlight that different parts of the planet receive, which in turn affects the seasons. The tilt of the earth's axis also plays a role in determining the seasons. As the earth moves in its orbit, different parts of the planet are tilted towards or away from the sun, which causes the variations in the amount of daylight and darkness we experience throughout the year. Therefore, while day and night, dawn and twilight, and apparent sunrise and sunset are also effects of the earth's rotation, the revolution primarily determines a year.

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The correct full meaning of GIS is Geographic Information System. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present spatial or geographical data. It combines hardware, software, and data to create digital maps that can be used to analyze and visualize information related to geographic locations. GIS technology is used in a wide range of applications such as urban planning, natural resource management, emergency response, and many others. In summary, GIS stands for Geographic Information System and it is a system used to capture, store, analyze, and present spatial data related to geographic locations.

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The correct answer is "Colonial ties." One of the primary reasons for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries is the historical and economic ties that Nigeria shares with many of these nations. Nigeria was a British colony until it gained independence in 1960, and as a result, it has maintained strong trade relationships with the UK and other former British colonies. These relationships have been fostered over many years through cultural, social, and economic ties. In addition, many developed countries have invested heavily in Nigeria's natural resources, such as oil, which has further strengthened the trade relationships between Nigeria and these countries. This has led to the development of a large export market for Nigerian products, such as crude oil and natural gas. Therefore, the correct answer is "Colonial ties," as it has been a significant reason for the high volume of trade between Nigeria and developed countries.

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Urban settlements often supply manufactured goods to rural settlements. Manufactured goods are products that are made using raw materials and processes that transform these materials into finished products. Urban areas often have a higher concentration of factories and industries that produce these manufactured goods, which are then supplied to rural areas. This allows rural residents to access products that they may not be able to produce themselves, such as electronics, household appliances, and other consumer goods. By supplying these goods, urban settlements play an important role in supporting the economic development of rural areas.

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A major percentage of the world's exports of citrus fruits comes from the Mediterranean region. The Mediterranean region, which includes countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, has a warm and sunny climate that is ideal for growing citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. These fruits are widely cultivated in the region, and a large portion of the production is exported to other countries. This region has long been known for its fertile soils and favorable growing conditions, making it one of the major citrus-producing areas in the world. In addition, the Mediterranean region has a long history of citrus cultivation and a strong tradition of producing high-quality fruit. So, while citrus fruits can be grown in other regions such as the tropical and cool temperate regions, the Mediterranean region remains the largest exporter of these fruits.

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The option that is not responsible for the concentration of industries in eastern United States of America is "inadequate capital". The concentration of industries in eastern United States is due to the availability of two important factors: a large market and abundant natural resources. The eastern region of the US has a large population that provides a ready market for industrial products. Additionally, the region has numerous natural resources such as coal, iron ore, and waterways that are necessary for industrial production. High technology can also contribute to the concentration of industries in eastern United States as it attracts skilled labor and supports innovation. However, it is not the primary factor responsible for the concentration of industries in the region. On the other hand, inadequate capital would hinder industrial growth and development. Therefore, it cannot be responsible for the concentration of industries in eastern United States.

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To determine the ground distance between the two towns on the map, we need to use the scale of the map. The scale tells us how many units of distance on the map (in this case, centimeters) correspond to one unit of ground distance (in this case, kilometers). For map a with a scale of 1:100,000, 1 centimeter on the map represents 100,000 centimeters or 1 kilometer on the ground. Therefore, 10 centimeters on the map represents 10 x 1 kilometer = 10 kilometers on the ground. For map b with a scale of 1:400,000, 1 centimeter on the map represents 400,000 centimeters or 4 kilometers on the ground. Therefore, 10 centimeters on the map represents 10 x 4 kilometers = 40 kilometers on the ground. So the correct answer is 10km, 40km.

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Nigeria is located between longitudes 3°E and 15°E. Longitude is a measure of distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, which is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. The Prime Meridian has a longitude of 0°, and all other longitudes are measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian. Nigeria is located in West Africa, and its easternmost point is about 3°E, while its westernmost point is about 15°E. Therefore, Nigeria is located between longitudes 3°E and 15°E.

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A line joining all points of equal salinity is an isohaline. In simpler terms, salinity refers to the amount of salt in water, and an isohaline is a line on a map that connects all the points in a body of water that have the same level of salinity. So, if you were to take a water sample at each point along an isohaline, you would find that they all have the same amount of salt in them. Isohalines are important in oceanography and marine biology because changes in salinity can affect the behavior and distribution of marine organisms, as well as ocean currents and other physical processes.

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The difference between the hottest and coldest daily temperature for a particular day is called the diurnal range of temperature. A combined maximum and minimum thermometer records both the highest and lowest temperatures that occur during a given period, typically a day. The highest temperature recorded is the maximum daily temperature, and the lowest temperature recorded is the minimum daily temperature. The diurnal range of temperature is the difference between these two values, indicating how much the temperature fluctuated over the course of the day. For example, if the highest temperature recorded was 30 degrees Celsius and the lowest temperature recorded was 15 degrees Celsius, then the diurnal range of temperature for that day would be 15 degrees Celsius.

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Cement factories are usually located near sources of raw materials. Raw materials such as limestone, clay, shale, and other minerals are used to produce cement. These materials are usually found in abundance in certain geological formations or deposits. Transporting these raw materials over long distances can be costly and time-consuming, so it makes sense for cement factories to be located as close as possible to the sources of these materials. This helps to keep production costs low and ensures a steady supply of raw materials for the factory. Additionally, being close to the raw materials can also help to reduce the environmental impact of the factory. If the raw materials have to be transported over long distances, this can lead to increased emissions from transportation vehicles, which can contribute to air pollution and climate change. Therefore, to ensure the efficient and sustainable production of cement, it is common for cement factories to be located near sources of raw materials.

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If the scale of a map is 2cm to 1km, it means that for every 2 centimeters on the map, there is a real-world distance of 1 kilometer. To find the ground distance between two towns on the map, we need to convert the distance on the map into a real-world distance. If the distance between the two towns on the map is 20cm, we can start by calculating how many kilometers it represents in the real world. Since the scale is 2cm to 1km, we can divide the distance on the map by 2 to get the real-world distance: 20 cm / 2 = 10 km Therefore, the ground distance between the two towns is 10 kilometers. So the answer is: 10km.

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Attitude is not an element of climate. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and air pressure in a particular area. Attitude refers to a person's feelings or opinions about something, and does not relate to the physical characteristics of the climate.

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Coal is the rock that is organically formed. Coal is formed from the remains of ancient plants and trees that died millions of years ago. Over time, these organic materials were buried under layers of sediment and rock, which subjected them to intense pressure and high temperatures. This process caused the organic matter to transform into coal, a black or brown rock that is primarily composed of carbon. In contrast, Gypsum, Grit, and Shale are all rocks that are formed through inorganic processes. Gypsum is formed from the evaporation of saline water, grit is a sandstone that is formed from the accumulation of sand particles, and shale is formed from the accumulation of mud and silt. In summary, coal is the only rock that is formed through organic processes, while gypsum, grit, and shale are formed through inorganic processes.

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The option that does not apply to the benefits of international trade to developing nations among those provided is "strains international trade relation". International trade has numerous benefits for developing nations, which include the following: 1. Encourages specialization in production: International trade allows developing nations to focus on producing goods and services that they have a comparative advantage in, such as natural resources or low-cost labor. This specialization leads to increased efficiency and productivity, which can result in higher economic growth and development. 2. Encourages healthy competition: International trade encourages healthy competition between nations, which drives innovation and technological advancements. Developing nations can learn from more developed nations and adopt best practices to improve their own production processes. 3. Enables nations to move from subsistence to mechanized economy: International trade provides access to capital, technology, and expertise that can help developing nations to modernize their economy and move away from subsistence farming or other traditional practices. Therefore, the correct option is that international trade does not strain international trade relations, but rather it can promote cooperation and collaboration between nations, leading to increased economic growth and development.

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