JAMB UTME - Government - 2009

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Democracy is a system of government that is constituted by the will of the majority of the citizens. It is a form of government where power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. In a democratic system, decisions are made based on the consent of the governed, and the rights of citizens are protected by a constitution or other legal framework. Democratic governments are characterized by free and fair elections, the rule of law, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms.

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The immediate cause of the 1966 military coup de'etat in Nigeria was political instability. At the time, the country was facing a lot of challenges such as ethnic tensions, regionalism, and a struggle for power among the political elite. There was also a perception that the government was corrupt and ineffective in addressing the country's problems. These issues created a tense and unstable environment that eventually led to the coup. The military, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu, overthrew the government of Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa on January 15, 1966.

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The form of government in which the nobles rule for the benefit of all is called aristocracy. In an aristocratic system, power is held by a small group of privileged individuals who are typically wealthy, educated, and have noble lineage. These individuals are believed to possess the necessary qualities, such as education and experience, to govern the state effectively. In theory, an aristocracy is intended to serve the greater good, with the nobles acting as responsible stewards of the state and ensuring that the needs of all citizens are met.

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A flexible constitution is one that can be easily amended to meet changing circumstances. One of its advantages is that it allows for ease of amendment. This means that as society evolves, the constitution can be amended to reflect new values, beliefs, and practices. This also means that the constitution can be easily adapted to changing political, economic, and social conditions, which promotes political awareness and reduces ambiguities. However, the downside of a flexible constitution is that it may lack constitutional stability, as it can be easily amended or changed, leading to inconsistencies and uncertainties in the governance system.

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Political culture is the main concept in the question above. Political culture refers to the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and orientations towards politics and government that are shared by members of a society. These attitudes are internalized through a process called political socialization, which occurs through a variety of channels, including family, education, religion, media, and peer groups. Political culture can influence the way that people participate in politics and the way that political institutions function. It is an important factor in understanding the political system of a country.

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In the segmented Tiv society,governance was usually confined to chiefdom . The Tivs were formally traditional worshipers, but some are now Christians. They are ruled by their Chief called Tor Tiv.

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Nigeria's commitment to the liberation of Africa could best be seen in her policy towards South Africa and Angola. Nigeria played a key role in supporting the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, including providing financial and diplomatic support to the African National Congress (ANC) and other liberation movements. Nigeria also supported the MPLA government in Angola during the Angolan Civil War, providing military aid and sending troops to support the government against various rebel groups. Nigeria's commitment to these causes was driven by its desire to see an end to colonialism and white minority rule in Africa, and to promote pan-African solidarity and unity.

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The committee that scrutinizes budget proposals in the legislature is the Appropriation Committee. This committee is responsible for reviewing the budget proposal submitted by the executive arm of government, making necessary adjustments, and ensuring that the budget aligns with the priorities and needs of the citizens. The committee also has the power to make recommendations and changes to the budget before it is approved and passed into law by the legislature. The goal of the Appropriation Committee is to ensure that public funds are spent wisely and efficiently to promote economic growth and development.

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The permanent membership of the UN Security Council is five. The five permanent members of the UN Security Council are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were the major Allied powers in World War II and have maintained their status as permanent members with veto power over the Council's decisions since the establishment of the United Nations in 1945.

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Constitutionalism is the principle that advocates strict adherence to the fundamental laws of a country. This means that all actions of government and individuals must be in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. The constitution lays out the framework for the organization and operation of government, including the distribution of powers and the protection of individual rights. Adhering to constitutionalism is essential for promoting the rule of law, ensuring accountability, and preventing abuses of power by those in authority.

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A major problem associated with the Nigerian federalism is ethnic conflicts. There has been inter ethnic contact in the various regions but without discrimination and bitter experiences. The issue of neutralization of Lagos in 1953 would have strongly made Chief Obafemi Awolowo to lead the Yorubas to secede from Nigeria but for the threat of war from the Governor and the Colonial office in London. The real secession which was experienced in Nigeria was that of the then Eastern Region in the year 1967. The secession was as a result of the 1966 military coup which was followed by the pogrom that was perpetrated against the Igbos in the North. The East declared the Republic of Biafra and engaged Nigeria in a civil war from 1967-1970. This question of ethnic conflicts has also given rise to other serious issues such has unending demand for creating more states and acceptable revenue allocation formula.

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The six African members of the Nigerian Council were nominated by the governors. The Council was enlarged after the amalgamation so as to cope with the expected increase in problems resulting from increased territory. It was made up of 36 members consisting of the Governor, members of the Executive Council, First Class Residents, Political Secretaries of Northern and Southern provinces as officials. Europeans representing such interests as chambers of Commerce, shipping, banking, mining and six Nigerians nominated by the governor.

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The correct answer is "incessant interference by government". Public corporations in Nigeria often experience interference from the government which leads to poor decision making, lack of accountability, and inefficiency. The government may interfere by appointing management teams without due process, using public corporations for political gains, and inappropriate allocation of resources. All of these lead to poor management practices and low productivity, making it difficult for the corporations to meet their goals and objectives.

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The consciousness of a common identity of a people is called nationalism. Nationalism is the sense of belonging and pride in one's nation, often characterized by a shared culture, language, history, and values. It is the feeling of unity and solidarity among the people of a nation. Nationalism can be a powerful force in promoting a sense of national identity and unity, but it can also be a source of conflict when it leads to intolerance and exclusion of other groups.

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Mauritania has withdrawn her membership of the ECOWAS. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional organization made up of countries in West Africa that seek to promote economic integration and political cooperation among its members. In 2000, Mauritania withdrew its membership from ECOWAS due to political and economic reasons. It was later re-admitted in 2017.

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In order to dispense justice impartially, the judiciary primarily needs **independence**. Independence allows the judiciary to make decisions based on the law and evidence presented before them without any external pressures or influence. It enables judges to act as neutral arbiters and uphold the rule of law. Without independence, the judiciary could be subject to undue influence from external sources, such as the government or powerful individuals or groups, which could compromise the integrity of the justice system. Therefore, independence is crucial for ensuring the impartiality and fairness of the judiciary.

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Fascism as an ideology facilitates totalitarianism. This means that a fascist government seeks to have complete control over all aspects of society and the individual lives of its citizens. It promotes a dictatorial rule, often led by a charismatic leader who is seen as the embodiment of the state. The state's power is elevated over individual rights and freedoms, and opposition is often suppressed through violence or censorship. The fascist ideology emphasizes nationalism, militarism, and a rejection of democratic principles. It seeks to create a unified society through strict control and often relies on propaganda to promote its ideas.

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A prominent feature of a presidential system of government is the separation of powers. In this system, the government is divided into three branches: the executive, legislative, and judiciary. Each branch has its own distinct powers and responsibilities, which are meant to check and balance the powers of the other branches. The president is the head of the executive branch, and is elected separately from the legislative branch, which is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. The judiciary is an independent branch, responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring that the other two branches of government are acting within the confines of the Constitution.

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Collective ownership of property is associated with communism. In communism, all property is collectively owned by the people, and the means of production are controlled by the state. The ideology of communism advocates for a classless society in which everyone has equal access to resources and wealth is distributed based on need rather than merit. This is in contrast to capitalism, which emphasizes private ownership of property and the pursuit of individual profit. In capitalism, the means of production are privately owned, and prices are determined by supply and demand in the market.

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Pacification is a process through which some areas in Nigeria were acquired by peaceful negotiations.

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Citizenship of a state by decent requires that one's grandparents were citizens of that state. A child born to a Nigerian couple in the United States of America is a Nigerian citizen by descent because his parents are Nigerians.

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NAP was the party that did not control any state in the Second Republic. Nigeria Advanced Party (NAP) was not recognized for the 1979 election. The reason was that it was unable to establish branches in 13 states of the federation as stipulated by FEDECO. In the 1983 general elections, which the party contested, it did not win a single seat in all the constituencies.

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A political entity that possesses independence is a state. In international relations, a state is a political unit that has sovereignty over a geographical area and its population. It is recognized as a legal entity by other states and has the power to govern itself without interference from external sources. Independence is a key characteristic of a state, which means it is free from external control or influence and has the ability to make decisions for itself.

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The power to nominate members of the judiciary at the federal level under the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria is vested in the National Judicial Council. The National Judicial Council is a body established by the Constitution and is responsible for the appointment, promotion, and discipline of judicial officers in Nigeria, including the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, and High Courts of the various states. It is chaired by the Chief Justice of Nigeria and includes other senior judges and the Attorney-General of the Federation as members.

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The right of all eligible citizens to vote and be voted for is referred to as universal suffrage. This means that all adult citizens, regardless of their gender, race, religion or other factors, have the right to vote and be voted for in elections. Universal suffrage is an important aspect of democracy, as it ensures that all citizens have a say in the selection of their representatives and the decisions that affect their lives. It also promotes equality and helps to prevent discrimination based on certain factors.

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Public corporations are established to improve the provision of social amenities. Public corporations are entities established by the government to undertake commercial or industrial activities on behalf of the government, with the aim of providing goods and services that are considered essential to the public. These may include services such as electricity, water, transportation, healthcare, and education. Public corporations are usually set up to provide these services in a more efficient and effective manner than would be possible through private enterprise. The aim is to ensure that these essential services are available to all citizens, regardless of their financial status.

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The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of countries that were formerly part of the British Empire or have historical ties to Britain. It promotes democracy, human rights, and economic development among its member nations. However, a major limitation of the Commonwealth is that it lacks the power to compel member nations to comply with its decisions. While the Commonwealth can make recommendations and provide technical assistance, it does not have the authority to set formal rules or enforce compliance. As a result, the effectiveness of the Commonwealth relies heavily on the willingness of member nations to cooperate voluntarily.

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Prior to 1976, the local government system practiced in Northern Nigeria was the "chief-and-council" system. This system was based on the traditional leadership of chiefs who were selected by the people to lead their communities. The chiefs were assisted by a council of elders who advised them on matters of governance. This system was characterized by a hierarchical structure where the authority of the chief was absolute, and decisions were made by consensus among the council members. However, the 1976 Local Government Reforms abolished the chief-and-council system and introduced a new system of local government based on elected councils.

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National Congress of British West Africa influenced nationalist activities in Nigeria.

The Congress mobilized educated elites-in-the four British colonies. Other activities of the Congress include:

1. Radical Approach to the National Activities

2. Unification of four West African Colonies

3.Delegation to London

4. Identification of shortcomings

5. Enlightenment of the people of West Africa, etc.

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Occupational pressure groups mainly pursue their objectives by issuing ultimatums and embarking on strikes. When members of an occupational group come together to form a pressure group, their primary goal is to push for their interests and demands through the use of pressure tactics, such as strikes, demonstrations, and boycotts. They aim to exert enough pressure on the government or their employers to make them address their demands, which could be better wages, improved working conditions, or benefits. By engaging in these activities, they hope to achieve their objectives and gain concessions from their employers or the government.

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The AU's right to intervene in a member country in crisis portrays it as an international organization.

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The major threat to OPEC is the development of viable alternatives to crude oil. This is because OPEC countries heavily rely on revenue from crude oil exports, and if viable alternatives to crude oil are developed, the demand for crude oil will reduce significantly, leading to a decline in revenue for OPEC member countries. As a result, OPEC may have to reduce the price of crude oil to compete with alternative energy sources, which could lead to a decrease in profits for member countries.

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The exclusive list is a list of subjects that are under the exclusive legislative authority of the federal government in Nigeria. This means that only the federal government has the power to legislate on these matters. Therefore, the answer is "federal government".

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The participation of Nigerians in the Second World War created in the nationalists the awareness that the Europeans were not superior. The experience of fighting alongside Europeans in the war made many Nigerians realize that Europeans were not inherently superior to Africans and that African soldiers were just as capable and brave as their European counterparts. This realization played an important role in the development of Nigerian nationalism and the push for independence from colonial rule.

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Prorogation is the process of ending a session of a parliament through a royal proclamation. This is usually done by the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister or the Cabinet. It marks the end of a parliamentary session, and is often accompanied by a speech from the monarch or the Prime Minister, outlining the achievements and priorities of the government. Prorogation is a formal way of bringing an end to a parliamentary session, and allows for a new session to begin with a new legislative agenda.

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The duty of an electoral commission is to conduct and supervise free and fair elections. This includes the registration of eligible voters, organization of polling stations, and counting of votes. The commission also ensures that political parties and candidates follow the election laws and regulations, and investigates any complaints of irregularities or fraud during the electoral process. Therefore, of the options given, the correct duty of an electoral commission is the registration of political parties.

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The agency responsible for investigating allegations of maladministration in civil service is Code of Conduct Bureau.

The Bureau has also the power to receive complaints about non-compliance with or breach of provisions of the Code of Conduct or any Law in relation thereto investigate the complaint and where appropriate, refer such matters to the Code of Conduct Tribunal.

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The Nigerian Inspector General of Police is appointed by the executive branch of the government, specifically by the President, on the advice of the Nigerian Police Council. The Nigerian Police Council is a body established by the Constitution of Nigeria to make decisions relating to the administration and control of the Nigerian Police Force. It is chaired by the President and comprises the Vice President, the Governor of each state of Nigeria, the Chairman of the Police Service Commission, and the Inspector General of Police.

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A unitary system of government is a system where power is centralized and the central government has complete control over the entire country. One advantage of the unitary system over the federal system is its cost-effectiveness. In a unitary system, there is only one level of government, which means that the cost of running the government is lower than in a federal system where there are multiple levels of government. This is because in a unitary system, there are no duplication of services and no overlapping of functions between the central and state government, thereby reducing administrative and financial costs.

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Power refers to the ability to impose one's will upon others. It could also be defined as the ability of a person or a group of persons to enforce his or their decisions on others by the use of sanctions punishment or penalties against disobedience. According to Max Weber, "Power is the capability to control the actions of others"

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Counter-trade was introduced by the government led by Ibrahim Babangida

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A primary objective of the privatization policy in Nigeria is Accountability.

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In the Igbo political system, the most senior member of the council of elders is the Okpara. The Igbo political system was based on the village as a political unit.

A village is then seen as made up of a group of related families. Each family head held the Ofo title and all of them put together formed the council of elders. The council of elders governed the village. Among the Ofo title holders, one of them was regarded as the most senior to as the Okpara and he had the right to preside over the council of elders meetings.

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A State with a hegemonic political party is one in which there is only one dominant party. In this system, one party is firmly established in office. The party has hegemony, that is, it enjoys unchallenged authority. The law does not operate formally against any opposition, but clearly the state concerned is effectively single-party for longer period of many years. For example, South Africa was an example of a hegemonic party. There, the National party came into power in 1948, and it only left when Dr. Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994.

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The executive branch of government has the power to check the excesses of the legislative branch through "assent to bills." This means that before a bill passed by the legislature becomes law, the executive (usually the president or governor) must give their approval by signing it. If the executive believes the bill is unconstitutional or inappropriate, they may refuse to sign it and veto the bill. This veto power allows the executive to prevent the legislature from passing laws that they consider to be harmful or unnecessary. By using their assent or veto power, the executive branch can help ensure that the legislature does not exceed its authority or act against the interests of the nation.

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The fear of domination in the public service in Nigeria led to the establishment of the Federal Character Commission. The Federal Character Commission was established to ensure that appointments, promotions, and other employment opportunities in the public service are fairly distributed among the various states and regions of the country. The commission seeks to promote national unity and equal opportunities for all Nigerians, regardless of their ethnic or regional backgrounds. By ensuring that no single region or group dominates the public service, the commission helps to address the historical imbalances and inequalities that have characterized the Nigerian federal system.

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The political structure of Nigeria under the first military regime was unitary. This means that power was highly centralized in the federal government, with little autonomy granted to state or local governments. The military government abolished the federal system of government and replaced it with a highly centralized structure, with power concentrated in the hands of the military government. The state and local governments were reduced to mere administrative units without any real power. This centralized structure was designed to enhance the ability of the military government to control the country and maintain order.

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Privatization and commercialization programmes in Nigeria have de-emphasized government ownership. This means that the government has sold off some of its ownership in public corporations and businesses to private individuals and companies. This has led to a reduction in government control over these businesses and a shift towards private sector management. While it has had some positive impacts, such as increased efficiency and productivity, it has also led to reduced government revenue and in some cases, allegations of corruption.

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In the Second Republic, the total membership of each House of Assembly was determined by the Constitution. The Constitution provided the framework for the structure and composition of the legislative arm of government at both the federal and state levels. The number of members of the House of Assembly was determined by the provisions of the Constitution, which specified the number of constituencies in each state and the number of members to be elected from each constituency. The electoral commission was responsible for conducting the elections, but the total membership of the House of Assembly was not determined by them. Similarly, political parties and the electorate did not have a direct role in determining the total membership of each House of Assembly.

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In a cabinet system, the legislature comprises the prime minister and members of the parliament. The parliament is responsible for making laws, approving budgets and overseeing the work of the government. The prime minister, who is appointed by the parliament, is the head of government and is responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the country. The ministers are appointed by the prime minister and are responsible for specific areas of government policy.