JAMB UTME - Government - 1993

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The principle of the rule of law states that everyone, regardless of their position or status, is subject to the law, and that the law must be applied equally to all people. This means that no one is above the law, including those who make the laws, and that the law must be interpreted and applied fairly by judges. Lawyers do not make laws; they may advise lawmakers on legal matters and represent clients in legal cases.

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The Udoji Commission was an ad hoc Revenue Allocation Commission. The Udoji Commission was established in Nigeria in 1972 to review the revenue allocation formula for the distribution of funds among the federal, state, and local governments. The commission was ad hoc, which means it was set up for a specific purpose and dissolved after completing its mandate. The commission was chaired by Justice Dauda Adegbenro Udoji and its recommendations led to a significant increase in the salaries of public servants in Nigeria. The Udoji Commission played an important role in shaping the country's revenue allocation policies and had a lasting impact on the Nigerian economy.

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The local government is an example of devolution of power. Devolution of power means the transfer of power and authority from a central government to lower levels of government or local authorities. In the case of a local government, power and authority are transferred from the federal or state government to a smaller unit of government responsible for governing a specific area, such as a city or town. This allows for more localized decision-making and greater responsiveness to the needs and priorities of the local community. It also promotes greater citizen participation in the political process and can lead to more effective and efficient service delivery. Overall, devolution of power can help to promote a more democratic and inclusive society.

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In a confederal state, ultimate power is vested in the constituent units. This means that each unit has a significant level of autonomy and sovereignty, and the central government's power is limited to what the units agree to delegate to it. The constitution may specify some areas where the central government has authority, but otherwise, the constituent units have the power to make their own laws and policies within their respective territories. This decentralized structure allows for more local control and flexibility, but it also requires a high level of cooperation and coordination between the units to ensure the confederation functions effectively.

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The civil service is a part of the executive branch of government. The executive branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws passed by the legislature, and the civil service plays a critical role in this process. The civil service is made up of individuals who work for the government in various roles, such as administrative, technical, or professional positions. Their job is to provide support to government officials and ensure that policies and programs are carried out effectively and efficiently.

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Political authority refers to the recognized right to exercise political power. It is the legitimate power or right to make and enforce laws and policies, and to govern a society. This authority is usually vested in a government, which is responsible for maintaining law and order, protecting the rights and freedoms of its citizens, and promoting the general welfare of society. Political authority is based on the consent of the governed, and is often established through a system of elections, where citizens have the opportunity to choose their leaders and representatives. Political authority is essential for the functioning of a democratic society, as it provides a stable framework for decision-making and the resolution of conflicts.

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Nigeria's relations with other nations are primarily determined by her national interest. National interest refers to the objectives and goals that a country seeks to achieve through its foreign policy and international relations. In the case of Nigeria, her national interest may include promoting economic development, ensuring regional security, pursuing diplomatic partnerships, and protecting her citizens abroad. While political culture, political socialization, and national consciousness can also influence a country's foreign policy and international relations, they are not the primary determinants of Nigeria's relations with other nations. Political culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, and practices that shape a country's political behavior, while political socialization refers to the process of learning these beliefs and values. National consciousness, on the other hand, refers to the sense of pride and identity that citizens feel towards their country. While these factors may influence Nigeria's foreign policy decisions, they are secondary to the country's national interest.

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A written constitution is a constitution that is contained in a single document. It is a fundamental document that outlines the basic principles, values, and laws that govern a country. It is usually drafted by a group of experts or draftsmen and is subject to amendment and modification. Unlike an unwritten constitution, which is not contained in a single document and is based on a combination of laws, customs, and conventions, a written constitution is a formal and codified document that is usually adopted through a special procedure such as a referendum or a constitutional convention. One of the advantages of a written constitution is that it provides clarity and certainty about the basic principles and laws that govern a country. It also establishes a framework for government, defines the powers and limitations of different branches of government, and guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms. However, a written constitution can also be subject to criticism, as it can be difficult to amend or modify, and may not always reflect the changing needs and values of a society. Nevertheless, it remains an important document that provides a foundation for democracy and the rule of law in many countries around the world.

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The influx of West Indian and American intellectuals did not affect the development of nationalist movements in colonial Nigeria. The other options listed - denial of equal opportunities, establishment of political parties and newspapers, and the development of modern education - were significant internal factors that contributed to the growth of nationalist movements in Nigeria. The denial of equal opportunities to Nigerians vis-a-vis their European counterparts led to frustration and anger among educated Nigerians, who felt that their skills and abilities were undervalued and underutilized. This spurred many to seek political change and greater representation in government. The establishment of political parties and newspapers provided a platform for Nigerians to express their political views and advocate for change. These organizations were instrumental in raising awareness about the need for self-rule and independence, as well as in mobilizing support for nationalist causes. The development of modern education in Nigeria provided opportunities for young Nigerians to gain knowledge and skills that would be useful in advocating for political change. Many educated Nigerians who were exposed to democratic ideals and nationalist movements abroad returned to Nigeria with a desire to apply these principles to their own country. In contrast, the influx of West Indian and American intellectuals did not have a significant impact on the development of nationalist movements in Nigeria. While these individuals may have shared their knowledge and experiences with Nigerians, they were not central to the growth of nationalist movements in the country.

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Nazism as a doctrine was proposed by Adolf Hitler. Nazism is a form of fascism that developed in Germany during the 1920s and 1930s, and it was based on the principles and ideas of Hitler and his Nazi Party. Hitler's ideas were rooted in extreme nationalism, racial purity, anti-Semitism, and the need for authoritarian rule. He believed in the superiority of the Aryan race and the need for Germany to expand its territory and resources. Hitler's ideology was also characterized by the use of propaganda, terror, and violence to suppress opposition and dissent. Hitler's rise to power and implementation of his Nazi doctrine led to World War II, the Holocaust, and the deaths of millions of people.

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The first Nigerian to be appointed President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) at The Hague was Justice Taslim Olawale Elias. He served as the President of the ICJ from 1979 to 1985. Justice Elias was a highly respected jurist and scholar who made significant contributions to the development of international law. He was a member of the ICJ from 1962 to 1979, and during his time on the Court, he participated in many landmark cases and wrote several influential opinions. In addition to his work on the ICJ, Justice Elias held many other high-profile positions in the legal field. He served as the Attorney General of Nigeria, the Chief Justice of Nigeria, and the President of the Nigerian Bar Association. He was also a professor of law at the University of Lagos and authored several books on international law. Overall, Justice Taslim Olawale Elias was a trailblazer for Nigerian jurists and played a significant role in shaping the development of international law.

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Imperialism was adopted by Europe in order to expand its economic and political base. Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. By colonizing other parts of the world, European powers were able to extract resources and labor from these regions, which helped to fuel economic growth and increase their political power. European countries also used imperialism as a way to establish and maintain dominance over other regions of the world. This allowed them to compete with each other for territory and resources, and to project their influence on a global scale.

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The Governor-General of Nigeria at the time of political independence was Sir James Robertson. He served as the Governor-General of Nigeria from 1960 to 1962. Sir James Robertson was appointed as the last British Governor-General of Nigeria and oversaw the country's transition from a British colony to an independent nation. He played a key role in the negotiations leading to Nigeria's independence in 1960 and subsequently became the first British High Commissioner to Nigeria after independence.

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Gerrymandering means the manipulation of constituency boundaries for political advantage. It is a process where the boundaries of an electoral district are redrawn to favor one political party or group over another. This is often done by the party in power to increase their chances of winning future elections. By manipulating constituency boundaries, the party can dilute the voting power of its opponents or concentrate its own supporters in a particular area. Gerrymandering can undermine the principles of fair representation and lead to distorted election results. It is considered a controversial practice that can have a significant impact on democratic processes.

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The financial contributions made by African governments to support the liberation movements in Southern Africa were channeled through the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The OAU was an intergovernmental organization that aimed to promote unity and cooperation among African nations, and played a significant role in supporting the liberation movements in Southern Africa by providing financial, diplomatic, and moral support. The OAU established a special fund to support the liberation movements, and many African governments contributed to this fund to help finance the struggle against apartheid and colonialism in Southern Africa.

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The set that represents the disadvantages of colonialism is: cultural imperialism, external manipulations, and foreign control of the domestic economy. Colonialism is the practice of one country taking control of another country's political and economic affairs. It had several negative impacts on the colonized countries, including the imposition of the colonizer's culture and values on the colonized, known as cultural imperialism. Additionally, the colonizer had control over the colonized country's economy, which allowed for external manipulations and exploitation of the resources and labor of the colonized people. This often led to unequal economic relationships between the colonizer and colonized, with the colonized being at a disadvantage. Therefore, the set that represents the disadvantages of colonialism is cultural imperialism, external manipulations, and foreign control of the domestic economy.

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Another term for a colonial electoral district is a constituency. A constituency is a geographically demarcated area that is used for electoral purposes, such as electing representatives to a legislative body. In a colonial context, electoral districts were often created by colonial powers to suit their own interests and maintain their control over the colony. These districts were usually based on factors such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, and were often designed to give the colonial power an advantage in elections. Today, constituencies are typically created through a more transparent and democratic process, but the legacy of colonial electoral districts can still be seen in some countries.

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Delegated legislature is disadvantageous because it erodes the principle of separation of powers. The principle of separation of powers is a fundamental principle of democratic governance, which requires that each of the three branches of government (the legislative, executive, and judiciary) should have separate and independent powers. However, with delegated legislation, the legislature delegates some of its law-making powers to the executive branch, which may lead to an overlap of powers and a concentration of too much power in the hands of the executive. This can weaken the legislature's ability to check the executive and hold it accountable, thus eroding the principle of separation of powers.

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In the Westminster system of government, formal legislation can take the form of royal proclamations, orders in council, and acts of parliament. The exception is ministerial pronouncements, which are not a form of formal legislation. Ministerial pronouncements refer to statements made by government ministers or officials that express their opinions or intentions on a particular issue. While they may have some influence on policy, they do not carry the force of law and are not considered formal legislation. On the other hand, royal proclamations, orders in council, and acts of parliament are all recognized forms of formal legislation in the Westminster system. Royal proclamations are decrees issued by the monarch that have the force of law, while orders in council are regulations made by the government under the authority of an act of parliament. Acts of parliament are the most significant form of formal legislation, and they are bills that have been passed by both houses of parliament and given royal assent by the monarch. Overall, ministerial pronouncements are not considered a form of formal legislation in the Westminster system, as they do not carry the force of law and are not subject to the same level of scrutiny and approval as royal proclamations, orders in council, and acts of parliament.

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The agency of the United Nations which specializes in the welfare of children is UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). UNICEF was established in 1946 to provide assistance to children and mothers affected by World War II. Today, UNICEF works to promote the rights and wellbeing of children worldwide, particularly in areas of health, nutrition, education, protection, and emergency response.

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Tubman Goldie was famous for the merger of British companies into the United Africa Company. He was a British businessman who worked for the Royal Niger Company and later merged it with other British companies, such as the National African Company, to form the United Africa Company. This company played a significant role in the colonization of West Africa and was one of the largest trading companies in Africa in the early 20th century. Goldie was instrumental in the company's success and played a key role in British expansion in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa.

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The Public Commissions established under the 1979 constitution of Nigeria were expected to be advisory to the executive. These commissions were created to advise the government on various matters such as corruption, human rights, and election matters. They were designed to be independent of the executive arm of government, with the aim of ensuring that they provided unbiased advice to the government. However, the ultimate decision-making power still rested with the executive, which could choose to accept or reject the advice provided by these commissions.

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In Nigeria, public corporations are also known as parastatals. Parastatals are government-owned enterprises or organizations that operate independently of the government but are still accountable to it. They are usually established to provide essential services such as transportation, utilities, and communication. Parastatals can be found in various sectors of the economy, including energy, healthcare, education, and agriculture. They are created to achieve specific public policy objectives, and their operations are typically guided by a governing board or council.

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In the Habe political system, the Sarki (King) was assisted in performing his executive functions by the Galadima. The Galadima was the second in command to the Sarki and served as his principal adviser and administrator. They were responsible for the day-to-day running of the kingdom and ensuring that the Sarki's orders were carried out. The other options listed, alkali, khaddi, and ulama, were also important officials in the Habe political system, but they had different roles and functions. Alkalis were judges and legal experts, khaddis were responsible for security and defense, and ulamas were religious scholars and advisers.

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Prior to 1991, the veto power was exercised in the United Nations Security Council by five countries. These countries were the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, Great Britain, France, and the United States. This means that any decision made by the Security Council required the approval of at least nine out of the fifteen members, and none of the five permanent members could veto the decision.

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The major organization through which Nigeria pursues her economic, political, and social interests in West Africa is the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1975 with the goal of promoting economic integration among its member states in West Africa. Nigeria is a founding member of ECOWAS and has played a prominent role in the organization since its inception. ECOWAS has made significant strides in promoting regional trade and development, and Nigeria has been a key player in this process. Nigeria is the largest economy in West Africa, and its participation in ECOWAS has helped to foster economic growth and development in the region. In addition to its economic objectives, ECOWAS also has a political mandate, working to promote peace and stability in West Africa. Nigeria has played an active role in this area as well, participating in peacekeeping missions and supporting conflict resolution efforts in the region. Overall, ECOWAS is a vital platform for Nigeria to pursue its interests in West Africa and has played a significant role in promoting economic growth, development, and peace in the region.

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Federalism is a constitutional arrangement in which the national and regional governments derive their power from the constitution. This means that each level of government has its own set of powers and responsibilities, and they operate independently of one another. In a federal system, the national government does not have complete control over regional or local authorities, but instead shares power with them. This allows for a more decentralized form of government, where decisions can be made at the local level and tailored to the specific needs of different regions. However, the national government still has ultimate authority over certain areas, such as national defense and foreign policy.

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The foreign policy of Nigeria is centered on Africa because of her concern for and attention to African problems. Nigeria has historically played a leading role in the African continent, due to its large size, population, and natural resources. As a result, Nigeria has prioritized its relations with African countries and has actively pursued policies aimed at promoting peace, stability, and economic development on the continent. Nigeria has been a member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which are regional organizations that seek to promote cooperation and integration among African countries. Nigeria's commitment to ending colonization in Africa has also influenced its foreign policy, as it has supported various anti-colonial movements and played a key role in the decolonization process on the continent. Therefore, Nigeria's foreign policy has been centered on Africa because of its historical, geographical, cultural, and economic ties to the continent.

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Before the collapse of Nigeria's First Republic in 1966, the prime minister was both the head of government and a lawmaker. The prime minister was the head of the government and the leader of the party with the majority in the parliament. As a lawmaker, the prime minister was a member of the parliament and was responsible for introducing bills and policies that would benefit the country. However, after the military coup in 1966, the parliamentary system was abolished, and the country was governed by military leaders until 1979 when the second republic was established.

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The highest policy-making body of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) is the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. This is a forum where the leaders of member states come together to discuss issues of common concern and make decisions on policy matters. The Assembly meets once a year and is responsible for setting the overall direction and priorities of the organization. The decisions made by the Assembly are binding on all member states and are implemented by the General Secretariat, which is the administrative arm of the OAU. The Council of Ministers, on the other hand, is a subsidiary body that assists the Assembly in carrying out its functions. The Economic and Social Commission is also a subsidiary body that focuses on economic and social issues.

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Proportional representation is often criticized because it tends to preserve the multi-party system. In a proportional representation system, seats in government are allocated based on the proportion of votes a political party receives. This means that smaller parties have a greater chance of being represented in government. While this can promote diversity and representation, it can also lead to a fragmented political system with multiple parties and coalitions. Critics argue that this can make it difficult to form stable governments and can result in political instability. Additionally, some argue that proportional representation can also result in weaker accountability as politicians may feel more accountable to their party than to their constituents.

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The Legislative Council of 1922 was significant because it allowed Africans to have a majority in the council for the first time. This meant that Africans had more say in the making of laws that affected them. However, the council only made laws for the southern provinces and not for the whole of Nigeria. Also, the merger of the colony of Lagos and the protectorate of Southern Nigeria was not a direct result of the council, but it did happen around the same time. Lastly, the council did not extend laws governing land ownership in the north to the south.

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In the presidential system of government, the president is the head of state and head of government. This means that the president is the highest-ranking official in the country and is responsible for both ceremonial duties and running the government. The president is elected by the people through a direct or indirect voting process, depending on the country's electoral system. The president is not elected solely through the electoral college, although this system is used in some countries such as the United States. Unlike in a parliamentary system, the president in a presidential system does not have the power to dissolve the legislature. The legislature, or parliament, is a separate branch of government that is responsible for making laws. While the president is a powerful figure in a presidential system, they are not vested with absolute powers. Instead, they are subject to checks and balances, such as the judiciary and the legislative branch, to ensure that their power is limited and that they do not abuse their authority.

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Interest groups are important to democracies because they represent different groups of people with similar interests, concerns, and goals. These groups help to give voice to ordinary citizens who may not have access to political power or resources. Interest groups also act as a check on the government by holding it accountable for its actions and policies. By providing a platform for public discussion and debate, interest groups can help to ensure that government decisions are made in the best interests of the people. Finally, interest groups can help to ensure that a diverse range of opinions and perspectives are represented in the political process.

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Free and fair elections do not accommodate partial electoral administration. In order for elections to be considered free and fair, they must be conducted in a manner that is impartial and unbiased. This means that the electoral administration must be neutral and fair in their management of the election process, without showing any favoritism or bias towards any particular candidate or political party. Free and fair elections require obedience to the rules of the game, meaning that all participants must adhere to the established rules and regulations governing the electoral process. This includes rules related to campaigning, voter registration, and vote counting. Equality of all votes is also a critical component of free and fair elections. This means that all votes must be treated equally and given the same weight, regardless of the voter's race, gender, religion, or social status. Finally, free and fair elections must also allow for freedom of choice by voters. This means that voters must be able to cast their ballots without fear of coercion or intimidation, and must have access to all relevant information necessary to make an informed choice. In summary, while free and fair elections require several elements, such as obedience to rules, equality of all votes, and freedom of choice by voters, they do not accommodate partial electoral administration, which can lead to biased and unfair election outcomes.