WAEC SSCE - Financial Accounting - 1994

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The term that serves the same purpose as the income and expenditure account of a non-trading organization is the "profit and loss account." The profit and loss account is a financial statement that summarizes the revenues, costs, and expenses incurred by a business organization during a specified period of time. It shows the financial performance of the organization by comparing the total revenue earned with the total expenses incurred to generate that revenue. The profit and loss account is commonly used by trading organizations to calculate their net profit or loss, but it also serves the same purpose as the income and expenditure account of a non-trading organization. A non-trading organization, such as a charity or non-profit organization, does not generate revenue from the sale of goods or services. Instead, it receives income from donations, grants, or other sources, and it incurs expenses related to its charitable activities. The income and expenditure account of a non-trading organization records all the income received and expenses incurred by the organization during a specified period of time, such as a financial year. Like the profit and loss account, the income and expenditure account helps to determine the financial performance of the non-trading organization. It shows whether the organization has generated a surplus or deficit in the period, and it helps the organization to plan for the future by providing a detailed breakdown of its income and expenses.

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Carriage outwards is an expense incurred by the seller in delivering goods to the buyer. It is therefore charged to the debit side of the profit and loss account. This is because the profit and loss account is used to record all expenses and incomes related to the day-to-day operations of a business. Carriage outwards is an expense incurred in the process of selling goods and, as such, is treated as an expense and charged to the debit side of the profit and loss account.

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Bosun bought goods for N500 and wants to sell them at a margin of 20% on the selling price. To calculate the selling price, we need to add the margin to the cost price: Selling price = Cost price + Margin where the margin is calculated as a percentage of the selling price. Let's assume that the selling price is SP. Then, we have: SP = 500 + 20% of SP Simplifying this equation, we get: SP = 500 + 0.2SP Subtracting 0.2SP from both sides, we get: 0.8SP = 500 Dividing both sides by 0.8, we get: SP = 625 Therefore, Bosun sold the goods for N625. This is option E.

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The straight-line method of depreciation is a simple method to calculate the depreciation expense. The formula for straight-line depreciation is: Depreciation expense = (Purchase price - Scrap value) / Useful life In this case, the purchase price is N7,000, the scrap value is N500, and the useful life is 4 years. Substituting these values into the formula, we get: Depreciation expense = (7,000 - 500) / 4 = 1,625 This means that the machine loses N1,625 worth of value each year. To calculate the net book value of the machine at the end of the second year, we need to subtract the accumulated depreciation from the original cost of the machine. Since the machine has a useful life of 4 years, the accumulated depreciation after 2 years will be: Accumulated depreciation = Depreciation expense x number of years = 1,625 x 2 = N3,250 Therefore, the net book value of the machine at the end of the second year is: Net book value = Cost of machine - Accumulated depreciation = 7,000 - 3,250 = N3,750 Therefore, the correct answer is option D: N3,750.

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The rate of stock turnover is a financial ratio that measures how quickly a company is selling its inventory or stock. It is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average stock during a given period. The cost of goods sold represents the total cost of all the goods that a company has sold during a period, while the average stock is the average value of inventory held during the same period. By dividing the cost of goods sold by the average stock, we can determine how many times the company has sold and replaced its inventory during the period. A high stock turnover ratio indicates that a company is efficiently managing its inventory and is selling its goods quickly. On the other hand, a low ratio indicates that a company may be holding too much inventory, which can lead to higher storage costs, obsolescence, and potentially lower profit margins. Therefore, the correct option is "cost of goods sold over average stock".

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Patent and Trademark are classified as intangible assets. Intangible assets are non-physical assets that have no intrinsic value but represent valuable rights and privileges that a business owns. These assets cannot be seen, touched or felt, but they can be legally protected and have value that can be estimated or measured. Patents are legal rights granted to inventors for new and useful inventions, while trademarks are unique names, symbols, logos or designs that identify and distinguish a company's products or services from those of competitors. Both patents and trademarks can be legally protected through registration with the relevant government agency. As intangible assets, patents and trademarks do not have physical substance, but they can still contribute significantly to the value and competitiveness of a business. In fact, the value of intangible assets like patents and trademarks can often exceed the value of a company's physical assets, such as buildings or equipment. Therefore, patents and trademarks are classified as intangible assets, along with other assets like copyrights, goodwill, and brand recognition.

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The excess of current assets over current liabilities is known as working capital. Current assets are assets that can be easily converted into cash within a year, such as inventory, accounts receivable, and cash on hand. Current liabilities are debts that must be paid within a year, such as accounts payable, taxes owed, and short-term loans. Working capital is important because it represents the amount of funds that a company has available for day-to-day operations. If a company has more current assets than current liabilities, it has positive working capital. This means that it has sufficient funds to cover its short-term debts and can use the excess to invest in new opportunities or pay out dividends to shareholders. On the other hand, if a company has more current liabilities than current assets, it has negative working capital. This can indicate that the company is struggling to meet its short-term obligations and may need to take on additional debt to cover its expenses. In general, having positive working capital is seen as a positive sign for a company, as it suggests that it is financially stable and able to meet its obligations.

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Fixed assets include land. Fixed assets are long-term assets that a business owns and uses in its operations to generate revenue. These assets are not intended for resale and are not easily converted to cash. Examples of fixed assets include property, plant, and equipment, such as land, buildings, machinery, and vehicles. Fixed assets are generally more expensive than other types of assets, and they are expected to provide value to the business for a long period of time. Land, in particular, is a type of fixed asset that cannot be easily depreciated like other fixed assets, since its value may appreciate over time. Therefore, it is considered a valuable asset on a company's balance sheet.

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Drawing is an accounting term that refers to the amount of money an owner of a business takes out of the company for personal use. When the owner withdraws money from the business, it is recorded as a debit entry in the owner's current account, which represents the amount owed to the owner. Therefore, ("debit side of the current account") is a correct answer. However, the drawing is not recorded on the profit and loss account, which is used to calculate the net profit or loss of the business during a particular period. Therefore, options 1 ("debit side of the profit and loss account") and 2 ("credit side of the profit and loss account") are incorrect. Similarly, drawing is not recorded on the credit side of the appropriation account, which is used to show how the net profit of the business is appropriated or distributed among the owners or shareholders. Therefore, ("credit side of the appropriation account") is also incorrect. Finally, drawing is not recorded on the debit side of the appropriation account, as the debit side is used to show any expenses or losses that need to be deducted from the net profit before appropriation. Therefore, ("debit side of the appropriation account") is also incorrect.

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Partnership appropriation account is a ledger account that records the distribution of profits or losses among partners in a partnership. It is used to allocate the net profit or loss of the partnership to the individual partners based on the agreed profit-sharing ratio. Out of the options provided, the salary of a partner is treated under partnership appropriation account. This is because a partner's salary is considered as an appropriation of profit and is therefore deducted from the partnership's net profit to arrive at the distributable profit. The distributable profit is then allocated among the partners according to their agreed profit-sharing ratio. The other options provided such as interest on loan, salary of workers, electricity and travelling expenses of a partner are not treated under partnership appropriation account as they are either expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business or they are not related to the distribution of profits among partners.

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The error that will not allow a trial balance to agree is: Where the figure entered on one side is different from the one entered on the other side. The trial balance is a statement that lists all the debit and credit balances of all the accounts in the ledger, and it is used to check whether the total debits equal the total credits. If there is a difference between the total debits and total credits, it means that there is an error in the ledger. is the correct answer because if an amount is entered on one side of the account with a different figure entered on the other side, the debits and credits will not balance, and the trial balance will not agree. This type of error is known as a transposition error, and it can happen when numbers are accidentally swapped or reversed. The other options listed in the question will also cause a trial balance error if not corrected. For example, an omitted transaction will cause the trial balance to be unbalanced because it is not recorded in the ledger. Likewise, using the wrong account or class of account, entering an amount in the wrong column, or showing an item on the wrong side of the account will cause the trial balance to be unbalanced because the total debits will not equal the total credits.

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The error in not posting the sale of goods for N500 to Eddy is an omission error. Omission error refers to a situation where a transaction is completely left out or not recorded in the accounting system. In this case, the sale to Eddy was not recorded at all, which makes it an omission error. To correct this error, the transaction should be posted to the relevant account(s) and the accounting records should be updated accordingly.

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The profit and loss appropriation account is used to distribute the net profit of a company among its shareholders or partners. The account includes items such as salaries, interest on capital, interest on money advanced by partners, share of profit, and interest on drawings. Out of the given options, "staff salaries" is not a profit and loss appropriation account item because it is an expense item that appears in the income statement. The profit and loss appropriation account is used to distribute the net profit after all expenses, including staff salaries, have been deducted from the company's revenue. Therefore, the correct answer is "staff salaries".

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When a buyer is undercharged, the seller forwards a "debit note". A debit note is a document used to inform a customer that they owe more money on a purchase than was originally charged. In other words, it is a statement indicating that additional money is due because the original invoice was incorrect, either because of a mistake or because of a change in the original agreement. So, when a buyer is undercharged, the seller sends them a debit note to request payment of the additional amount owed.

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To calculate the depreciation charged per annum using the straight-line method, we need to first determine the depreciable cost of the asset. The depreciable cost of the asset is calculated as follows: Depreciable cost = Cost of asset - Scrap value Depreciable cost = N7,000 - N500 Depreciable cost = N6,500 The annual depreciation charge is then calculated as follows: Annual depreciation charge = Depreciable cost / Useful life Annual depreciation charge = N6,500 / 4 years Annual depreciation charge = N1,625 Therefore, the amount of depreciation charged per annum using the straight-line method is N1,625. The correct option is N1,625.

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Using the diminishing balance method, the net book value of a plant at any time is equal to its cost minus the accumulated depreciation. In this case, the plant cost is N1,000 and it has a residual value of N125. This means the total depreciation over its useful life is N1,000 - N125 = N875. The depreciation rate is 20% per annum, so the annual depreciation is 20% x N1,000 = N200. Since we are using the diminishing balance method, we multiply the net book value at the beginning of each year by the depreciation rate of 20% to calculate the depreciation for that year. At the end of the first year, the net book value is N1,000 - N200 = N800. We then calculate the depreciation for the second year as 20% x N800 = N160. The net book value at the end of the second year is N800 - N160 = N640. Therefore, the correct answer is: N640. The net book value of the plant after two years using the diminishing balance method is N640.

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Cash discount is given for prompt settlement of account. A cash discount is an incentive offered by a seller to encourage a buyer to pay an invoice or bill quickly. It is a reduction in the amount owed by the buyer for making the payment within a specified period of time. This discount is given to encourage prompt payment of accounts, and to improve cash flow for the seller. is the correct answer because a cash discount is given to customers who make payments within a certain period of time, usually shorter than the standard credit period. This is done to encourage prompt payment and to reduce the risk of bad debts for the seller. The other options listed in the question are not correct because they do not relate to the purpose of a cash discount. For example, buying in large quantities or introducing other customers may be reasons for receiving other types of discounts, such as a trade discount or volume discount, but not a cash discount. Being a regular customer or sales returns also do not relate to the prompt settlement of accounts, which is the main purpose of a cash discount.

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Cash discount is given for prompt settlement of account. Cash discount is a reduction in the amount due on a purchase invoice for paying the invoice within a specified time frame. It is a financial incentive offered by sellers to encourage buyers to pay their invoices promptly. Cash discounts are typically expressed as a percentage of the total invoice amount and are offered on the condition that the buyer pays the invoice within a specified period of time, such as 10 days or 30 days. Prompt payment is important for businesses as it helps to improve cash flow and reduces the risk of bad debts. Cash discount is a way to encourage customers to pay their bills on time and to improve the seller's cash flow. By offering cash discounts, the seller is able to reduce the amount of outstanding debt owed to them, and the buyer benefits from reduced costs. In summary, cash discounts are given to customers who settle their invoices promptly. This helps businesses to manage their cash flow and reduce the risk of bad debts, while also providing a benefit to the customer in the form of reduced costs.

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To find the creditors amount in the balance sheet, we need to use the following formula: Creditors at the end = Creditors at the start + Purchases - Cash paid to creditors - Discount received Substituting the given values into the formula, we get: Creditors at the end = N940 + N4,060 - N3,890 - N490 Creditors at the end = N620 Therefore, the creditors amount in the balance sheet is N620. In summary, the creditors amount in the balance sheet is calculated by adding the starting creditors to the purchases made during the year and subtracting the cash paid to creditors and any discount received. This calculation gives us the amount of money owed to creditors at the end of the year.

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Out of the given options, "prepayments" is a current asset item. Prepayments are expenses paid in advance, and therefore they represent an asset to the business because the amount has been paid but the benefit or service is yet to be received. For example, if a business pays rent for the next six months in advance, it would be recorded as a prepayment and would be shown as a current asset on the balance sheet until the rent is actually incurred over the six-month period. Goodwill is an intangible asset, which represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired in a business acquisition. Overdraft is a liability item, representing the amount of money owed to a bank when withdrawals exceed the available balance in the account. Preliminary expenses are costs incurred before a company is incorporated and they are shown as an asset. Outstanding expenses are expenses incurred but not yet paid and they are shown as a liability on the balance sheet.

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A Real account item is a type of account in accounting that records assets, liabilities, and owner's equity. Real accounts represent tangible and intangible items that are owned by a business and can be quantified in monetary terms. Out of the options given, the real account item is the machinery account. This is because machinery is an asset, which is a type of real account. Machinery is a long-term asset that a company uses in its operations to generate revenue. The cost of machinery is recorded in the machinery account and is considered a permanent account. Wages and salaries, capital, and drawings accounts are examples of nominal accounts, which record revenues, expenses, and gains or losses. These accounts are temporary and are closed at the end of an accounting period. Alagja and Sons account is not specific enough to determine if it is a real or nominal account, as it could represent any type of account.

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The reducing balance method of depreciation is a method where the depreciation charge is calculated as a fixed percentage of the net book value of the asset at the beginning of each period. In this case, the machine was bought for N7,000 and has an estimated useful life of 4 years and a scrap value of N500. The total depreciation to be charged over the life of the asset is N7,000 - N500 = N6,500. The depreciation rate per year can be calculated as 100% / 4 years = 25% per year. For the second year, the net book value of the asset at the beginning of the year is: N7,000 - (25% x N7,000) = N5,250 Therefore, the depreciation charge for the second year is: (N5,250 - N500) x 25% = N1,313 So the amount of depreciation for the second year is N1,313. Therefore, the answer is option A, N1,313.