JAMB UTME - Principles of Accounts - 2010

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The benefits that have been received but not yet paid for are known as accruals. Accruals are expenses that a company has incurred but has not yet paid for. These expenses are recorded on the company's financial statements as a liability. Examples of accruals include salaries owed to employees, rent or utility bills that have been incurred but not yet paid, and interest expenses. Accrual accounting is an important part of financial reporting as it allows companies to record expenses and revenue when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is actually exchanged.

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In a not-for-profit-making organization, the excess of income over expenditure is added to the accumulated fund. The accumulated fund represents the organization's reserves, which are set aside to fund future activities and investments. When a not-for-profit organization earns more money than it spends, it generates a surplus. This surplus can be used to fund future activities, expand the organization's operations, or invest in new projects. However, because not-for-profit organizations do not distribute profits to shareholders, the surplus cannot be distributed as dividends or profits. Instead, any surplus earned by the organization is added to the accumulated fund. The accumulated fund represents the organization's total reserves, which are made up of all the surpluses generated in previous years. These reserves can be used to fund future activities, investments, or expansions, or they can be used to cover any future losses or unexpected expenses. In summary, in a not-for-profit-making organization, the excess of income over expenditure is added to the accumulated fund, which represents the organization's reserves and is used to fund future activities and investments.

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The summary of receipts and payments account represents the cash transactions of a business over a period of time, typically a year. It shows the total cash receipts and payments made by the business during the period, including cash sales, payments for purchases, expenses, and other transactions. It helps to determine the cash balance at the beginning and end of the period, and to track the inflow and outflow of cash during the period. The summary of receipts and payments account is a key financial statement used in cash basis accounting, and is used to prepare the statement of financial position (balance sheet) and income statement (profit and loss account). Therefore, the correct option is "cash at hand".

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The revenue collectors will issue a treasury receipt as evidence of payments to a government ministry. A treasury receipt is a document issued by the government to acknowledge that they have received payment for goods or services rendered. It is an important financial record that serves as proof of payment for transactions made between individuals or organizations and the government. The treasury receipt usually contains details such as the name of the payer, the amount paid, the date of payment, and the purpose of payment. This document is usually required for accounting and auditing purposes, and it is important for individuals and organizations to keep a copy of it for their records.

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The directors' salaries paid are items of the profit and loss account. In accounting, the profit and loss account is a financial statement that shows a company's revenues, costs, and expenses over a specific period. The directors' salaries paid are considered an expense for the company and are therefore recorded in the profit and loss account. The profit and loss account summarizes a company's financial performance by showing its revenues and expenses and calculates the resulting net profit or loss. Directors' salaries are considered an operating expense and are deducted from the company's revenues to calculate its net profit. Therefore, to summarize, the directors' salaries paid are items of the profit and loss account, which is a financial statement that shows a company's revenues, costs, and expenses over a specific period, including the salaries paid to its directors.

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The salary of a partner is usually debited to the appropriation account. The appropriation account is a ledger account used to record the allocation of profits or losses in a partnership. The account is credited with the net profit or debited with the net loss for the accounting period, and it is also used to record other items that affect the distribution of profits to partners, such as salaries, interest on capital, and drawings. Since the salary of a partner is an expense of the partnership, it is debited to the appropriation account to reduce the amount of profit available for distribution to the partners.

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Ledger accounts are mainly classified into nominal, real, and personal accounts. Nominal accounts are used to record revenue, expenses, and gains or losses in a business. They are temporary accounts that are closed at the end of the accounting period to determine the net profit or loss for the period. Real accounts are used to record assets, liabilities, and owner's equity in a business. They are permanent accounts that are not closed at the end of the accounting period and carry forward to the next period. Personal accounts are used to record transactions with individuals, companies, or organizations outside the business. They are classified into three types: debtor accounts, creditor accounts, and accounts for persons. The classification of ledger accounts into these three categories helps in the preparation of financial statements, as it enables the identification of different types of transactions and the respective accounts where they should be recorded.

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The authorized share capital is the maximum amount of capital that a company is authorized to raise by issuing shares. It represents the total amount of money that the company is legally permitted to raise through the sale of its shares. To calculate the authorized share capital, we need to add together the par value of all the different types of shares that the company is authorized to issue. In this case, the company is authorized to issue 10% preference shares with a par value of ₦0.50 each, and ordinary shares with a par value of ₦1 each. The value of the 10% preference shares is calculated as follows: 6,000 shares x ₦0.50 par value per share = ₦3,000 The value of the ordinary shares is calculated as follows: 6,000 shares x ₦1 par value per share = ₦6,000 The total value of the authorized share capital is therefore: ₦3,000 + ₦6,000 = ₦9,000,000 Therefore, the answer is ₦9,000,000.

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The equivalent of a club's receipts and payment account is the cash account. The receipts and payment account is a summary of a club's cash transactions over a given period, usually one year. It shows the club's cash receipts (income) and cash payments (expenses) during that period. It is a summary of the club's cash inflows and outflows and gives an overall picture of the club's cash position. Similarly, the cash account is a record of all the cash transactions that a club has made over a given period. It shows the club's cash receipts (income) and cash payments (expenses) during that period. The cash account is used to track the movement of cash in and out of the club and to reconcile the club's bank statements. Therefore, to summarize, the equivalent of a club's receipts and payment account is the cash account, which is a record of all the cash transactions that the club has made over a given period.

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When there is an increase in government expenditure within a fiscal year, it is often necessary for the government to seek additional funds to finance the increase. This can be achieved through a supplementary estimate, which is a proposal for additional spending beyond the original budget for that year. The supplementary estimate outlines the amount needed, the reasons for the increase, and the source of funds to finance the increase. This is then presented to the legislature for approval before the funds can be released. This process ensures that the government has the necessary funds to carry out its programs and projects within a fiscal year.

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The financial plan of the government for a year is contained in the budget. A budget is a financial plan that outlines the government's revenue and expenditure for a given period, usually a year. It includes estimates of government revenue from taxes and other sources, as well as projected spending on programs, services, and infrastructure. The budget is typically presented to the legislature or parliament for approval, and it serves as a framework for the government's financial decisions throughout the year. It allows the government to prioritize spending and ensure that it has the resources necessary to achieve its policy goals. Therefore, to summarize, the financial plan of the government for a year is contained in the budget, which is a comprehensive plan that outlines the government's revenue and expenditure for a given period.

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To find the value of purchases, we need to calculate the change in stocks from 2007 to 2008 and add it to the cost of goods sold. The change in stocks is calculated as: Stocks (31/12/08) - Stocks (31/12/07) = ₦3,900 - ₦4,200 = -₦300 Since there is a decrease in stocks, it means that goods were sold from stocks. Therefore, the value of purchases for the year 2008 is: Cost of goods sold + change in stocks = ₦6,000 - ₦300 = ₦5,700 Therefore, the answer is ₦5,700.

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When the bank statement and cash book do not match, it indicates a discrepancy. In cases where the cash book overstates the bank balance, there are some common reasons for this. One such reason could be uncredited cheques, which means that checks deposited in the bank have not yet cleared and have not been recorded in the bank statement. Another reason could be uncredited expenses, which refers to expenses that have been paid but not yet recorded in the bank statement. Dividend received and interest on lodgement are not likely to cause an overstatement of the cash book. Dividends received are typically recorded as credits in the bank statement, and interest earned is usually credited to the bank account, and thus, these transactions would not lead to an overstatement of the cash book. Therefore, the correct answer is uncredited cheques and uncredited expenses, as these are the common reasons for an overstatement of the cash book when compared to the bank statement.

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An ordinary share of ₦80 was issued at ₦96, which means it was issued at a premium. This is because the issue price of ₦96 is higher than the nominal or face value of the share, which is ₦80. The amount of the premium is calculated as the difference between the issue price and the face value, which in this case is ₦16 (₦96 - ₦80).

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The gross loss on manufacturing is always transferred to the debit side of the profit and loss account. The profit and loss account, also known as the income statement, is a financial statement that shows a company's revenues, expenses, gains, and losses over a specific period of time. The gross loss on manufacturing represents the difference between the cost of goods sold and the revenue generated from the sale of those goods. Since the cost of goods sold is an expense, it is recorded on the debit side of the profit and loss account. The credit side of the profit and loss account shows revenues and gains earned during the same period. Therefore, the correct answer is the debit side of the profit and loss account.

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The account which refers to the tangible assets of a company that is of permanent nature is the real account. A real account is a type of account in accounting that deals with assets, liabilities, and owners' equity. It is also referred to as a permanent account because it is not closed at the end of a fiscal year. Real accounts are used to record the financial transactions of a business that affect its balance sheet, such as the acquisition and disposal of assets like land, buildings, and equipment. These assets are considered permanent because they are not consumed in the ordinary course of business but are held for long-term use in generating income for the company. Examples of real accounts include property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), intangible assets, and investments in securities.

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The correct answer is "Current account." In partnership accounting, the current account is used to record the amount owed by the partnership to each partner for their share of the profits or losses. It is also used to record any withdrawals or contributions made by the partners. At the end of the accounting period, the profit or loss is divided among the partners based on their agreed-upon profit-sharing ratio, and this amount is credited to their current accounts. Any withdrawals made by the partners are debited to their current accounts, reducing the amount owed to them by the partnership. Therefore, the current account is primarily used to track each partner's share of the earnings and the amount they are owed by the partnership.

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The provision for bad debts is an estimate of the amount of bad debts that may arise from the credit sales made to customers. In this case, the sundry debtors are ₦20,000, and the provision for bad debts is calculated at 4% of this amount, which is ₦800. However, the provision for bad debts account already has a balance of ₦500. To determine the provision for bad debts to be charged to profit and loss account, we need to calculate the increase in the provision for bad debts from the previous year. The increase in the provision for bad debts is the difference between the current provision for bad debts and the previous year's provision for bad debts. The previous year's provision for bad debts is ₦500, and the current provision for bad debts is ₦800. Therefore, the increase in the provision for bad debts is ₦300, which is the amount that should be charged to profit and loss account. So, the answer is ₦300.

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An invoice is a commercial document that specifies the details of goods or services sold by a supplier to a customer. The major feature of an invoice is that it specifies the particulars of goods bought, such as the quantity, price, and description of the goods, as well as any applicable taxes or discounts. This information helps the buyer verify the accuracy of the purchase and serves as a record for future reference. In summary, the major feature of an invoice is that it specifies the details of goods or services sold.

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The rules which govern the internal management of a firm and its financial affairs in a partnership business is a partnership deed. A partnership deed is a legal document that outlines the terms and conditions of a partnership agreement between two or more partners. The deed includes important details such as the name of the partnership, the nature of the business, the capital contributions of each partner, the profit and loss sharing ratio, and the rights and responsibilities of each partner. The partnership deed governs the internal management of the partnership and its financial affairs, and it serves as a guide for the partners to ensure that they operate the business in a fair and transparent manner. It is an important document for any partnership business as it helps to prevent misunderstandings or disputes between the partners.

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The error committed is an error of commission. An error of commission occurs when an entry is made but it is made in the wrong account. In this case, the debit entry was made in the salary account instead of the stationery account. This means that the amount that was supposed to be debited to the stationery account was mistakenly debited to the salary account. This error can cause the financial statements to be inaccurate because it affects the balances of both accounts.

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Unfortunately, there is no information provided in the question to determine the total expenses to be charged to the profit and loss account. Can you please provide more context or information so that I can assist you better?

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To find the amount for sundry debtors after provision, we need to subtract the total provision from the total sundry debtors. The provision for discount is 2% of ₦800,000 which is: 2/100 x ₦800,000 = ₦16,000 The provision for bad and doubtful debts is 5% of ₦800,000 which is: 5/100 x ₦800,000 = ₦40,000 Therefore, the total provision is: ₦16,000 + ₦40,000 = ₦56,000 To find the amount for sundry debtors after provision, we need to subtract the total provision from the total sundry debtors: ₦800,000 - ₦56,000 = ₦744,000 Therefore, the amount for sundry debtors after provision is ₦744,000. Hence, the correct option is ₦744,000.

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The prime cost is the total of the direct costs of production. It includes the cost of direct materials, direct labor, and direct expenses that are directly related to the production process. Direct material refers to the raw materials that are used in the production process, direct labor refers to the wages or salaries paid to workers directly involved in the production process, and direct expenses refer to other costs that are directly related to the production process such as fuel and power. The prime cost excludes indirect costs such as administrative expenses and selling and distribution expenses.

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The capital contribution made by partners is treated in the capital account. The capital account is a personal account which records all the transactions related to the capital of the business. When a partner contributes capital to the business, it is recorded as a credit entry in the capital account, indicating an increase in the capital of the business. Similarly, when a partner withdraws capital, it is recorded as a debit entry in the capital account, indicating a decrease in the capital of the business. Thus, the capital account reflects the amount of capital invested by each partner in the business.

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In this Three Column Cash Book, there are three columns: Date, Particulars, and Cash/Bank. The Cash column represents the cash transactions, while the Bank column represents the bank transactions. The Particulars column includes a description of the transaction. To calculate the discount allowed, we need to first identify the transaction related to Fatima. From the extract, we can see that Fatima is mentioned in the second row under the Particulars column with an amount of ₦2,000 in the Cash column. Now we know that the discount rate is 2%. To calculate the discount allowed, we need to multiply the amount owed by the discount rate. In this case, the amount owed by Fatima is ₦2,000. So, the discount allowed is: 2% x ₦2,000 = ₦40 Therefore, the answer is ₦40.

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The major function of accounting bodies in Nigeria is to promote the ethics of the profession. In Nigeria, there are several accounting bodies, including the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) and the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN). The primary function of these bodies is to promote and maintain the highest professional standards in the accounting profession. One of the ways in which these accounting bodies promote the ethics of the profession is by establishing a code of conduct that governs the behavior of their members. This code of conduct outlines the ethical principles and professional standards that all members of the accounting profession in Nigeria are expected to uphold. The accounting bodies also provide training and education to their members to help them stay up-to-date with the latest developments in the profession and to ensure that they are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to provide high-quality accounting services. Therefore, to summarize, the major function of accounting bodies in Nigeria is to promote the ethics of the profession, which they do by establishing a code of conduct, providing training and education to their members, and maintaining the highest professional standards in the accounting profession.

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